Urinary tract infections

Question 1

What is the most common cause of urinary tract infection?

Answer 1

Bacterial infection

Question 2

What is the most common pathogen leading to a urinary tract infection?

Answer 2

E.coli

Question 3

. Pyelonephritis

Answer 3

Inflammation of the renal parenchyma and collecting system,

usually due to infection

Question 4

Cystitis

Answer 4

Inflammation of the bladder wall

Question 5

Urethritis

Answer 5

Inflammation of the urethra

Question 6

What physiological and mechanical defence mechanisms assist in
maintaining sterility and preventing UTIs?

Answer 6

Normal voiding with complete emptying of the bladder
• Normal antibacterial ability of the bladder mucosa and urine
• Vesicoureteric junction competence
• Peristaltic action that propels urine towards the bladder

Question 7

Factors increasing urinary stasis

Answer 7

Stone, tumour of urinary tract
• Tumour, fibrosis compressing urinary tract
• Urinary retention

Question 8

Foreign bodies

Answer 8

Urinary calculi
• Indwelling catheter
• Urethral stent

Question 9

Anatomical factors

Answer 9

Congenital defects leading to obstruction or stasis
• Abnormal opening exposing urinary stream to skin, vagina, or
faecal stream
• Shorter female urethra

Question 10

Factors compromising immune response

Answer 10

HIV

• Diabetes mellitus

Question 11

Functional disorders

Answer 11

Constipation

• Voiding dysfunction

Question 12

List the likely clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection

Answer 12

Dysuria
• Frequent urination
• Urgency
• Suprapubic discomfort or pressure
• Haematuria
• Flank pain, chills & presence of a fever with pyelonephritis