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trisemester 3 TCC > Phys Test 2 > Flashcards

Phys Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase results in synthesis of the second messenger ________.

A

cAMP

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2
Q

The cAMP activates ____________, leading to _________________ that either activates or inactivates target enzymes.

A

protein kinase A; phosphorylation

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3
Q

What 2nd messenger mobilizes calcium from internal stores after being cleaved by phospholipase C?

A

Inositol triphosphate

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4
Q

As calcium enter the cell the concentration increases as calcium is released from what structure?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

What will calcium bind to once it enters the cell?

A

Calmodulin

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6
Q

What happens to the half life when hormones bind to plasma proteins?

A

Steroids: Longer half life

Protein: shorter half life

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7
Q

What effect does a steroid hormone have on its target cells?

A

Increased protein synthesis

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8
Q

What effect does a protein hormone have on its target cells?

A

Increased cell metabolism

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9
Q

What is thought of as the “command center” of the endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus-pituitary complex

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10
Q

What structure controls the pituitary gland by both neural and hormonal mechanisms?

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

What pituitary is described below:

Epithelial component (glandular tissue)

Adenohypophysis

Vascular connection

A

Anterior Pituitary

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12
Q

What pituitary is described below:

Neural structure (neural tissue)

Neurohypophysis

Neural connection

A

Posterior Pituitary

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13
Q

Where are ADH and Oxytocin produced? Where are they stored?

A

Hypothalamus; Posterior pituitary:

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14
Q

What nuclei controls the production and release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [vasopressin]?

A

Supraoptic nuclei (SON)

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15
Q

What nuclei produce oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

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16
Q

ADH and oxytocin are released into the capillary plexus of the __________________________ artery.

A

inferior hypophyseal artery

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17
Q

What hormone stimulates contraction of smooth muscle of both the uterus during delivery and the breast to cause ejection of milk? (“Bonding Hormone”)

A

Oxytocin

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18
Q

Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water, decrease urine output, stimulates thirst center to increase fluid intake, and in high doses it causes vasoconstriction?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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19
Q

What cells within the hypothalamus produce hypophysiotropic (regulatory) hormones which control secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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20
Q

What blood vessel delivers hypothalamic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

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21
Q

What will the hypothalamus secrete into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels?

A

releasing hormones or inhibitory hormone

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22
Q

The hypothalamic hormones can be delivered to the anterior pituitary ____________ and in __________ concentration

A

directly

high

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23
Q

Cells from where receive high concentrations of the hypothalamic hormones?

A

anterior pituitary ONLY

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24
Q

The hypothalamic hormones ___________ appear in the systemic circulation. (Do or Do not)

A

do NOT

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25
Q

What is Growth hormone’s (GH) hypothalamic cell type?

A

Somatotrophs

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26
Q

What is Prolactin’s (PRL) hypothalamic cell type?

A

Lactotrophs

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27
Q

What is Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone’s (LH) hypothalamic cell type?

A

Gonadotrophs

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28
Q

What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone’s (ACTH) hypothalamic cell type?

A

Corticotrophs

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29
Q

What is Thyroid-stimulating hormone’s (TSH) hypothalamic cell type?

A

Thyrotrophs

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30
Q

Each of the anterior pituitary hormones is a ______________.

A

Peptide

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31
Q

What is synthesized and secreted by epithelial cells of the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid hormone T3 and T4

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32
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone on the body?

A

Maintains metabolism

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33
Q

What is T3?

A

Triiodothyronine

What is T3?

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34
Q

What is T4?

A

Tetraiodothyronine, or thyroxine

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35
Q

The thyroid gland is composed of a large number of ______________.

A

follicles.

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36
Q

Each follicle is surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells (________________) and filled with a proteinaceous material called ____________.

A

(thyrocytes)

colloid

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37
Q

What is the primary constituent of colloid that is a large glycoprotein?

A

thyroglobulin

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38
Q

What is thyroid hormone secretions primarily regulated by?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

(TSH) from the pituitary gland

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39
Q

What hormone will increase the secretion of TSH?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)

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40
Q

What will inhibit the release of TSH?

A

Negative feedback fashion by circulating T3 and T4

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41
Q

TSH has a ______________ effect on the thyroid gland.

A

trophic

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42
Q

What leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of thyroid follicular cells and increased thyroidal blood flow?

A

sustained elevated levels of TSH

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43
Q

What inhibitory factor of TSH will inhibit the thyroid peroxidase enzyme?

A

Propylthiouracil(PTU)

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44
Q

What is Propylthiouracil(PTU) an effective treatment for?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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45
Q

Thyroid hormone contain a high amount of what element which must be adequately consumed through diet?

A

Iodide(Iodine)

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46
Q

hormone

What will tyrosine residues of thyroglobulin found in the follicular lumen be iodinated to form?

A

Precursors of thyroid

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47
Q

When there is a dietary deficiency of Iodine, the ____________ ________________ increases its activity, attempting to compensate for the deficiency.

A

Na+-I− cotransport

Iodide pump

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48
Q

What is the most important factor influencing the rate of iodide trapping by the thyroid?

A

Concentration of TSH

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49
Q

What enzyme will oxidize I- into I2?

A

thyroid peroxidase

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50
Q

Inside the lumen of the follicle, I2 combines with tyrosine of thyroglobulin to form?

A

monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT)

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51
Q

What will “salvage” I- and tyrosine after T3 and T4 have been delivered to systemic circulation?

A

Deiodinase enzymes

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52
Q

Thyroid hormones are __________ soluble, thus to circulate in blood, thyroid hormones must be associated with binding proteins.

A

lipid

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53
Q

What binding proteins will thyroid hormones use?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) ~ 70% “Resevoir”

Prealbumin (transthyretin) ~ 15%

Albumin~ 15%

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54
Q

Because of high affinity of the plasma-binding proteins for the T4 and T3, these substances are _________ released to the tissue cells.

A

slowly

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55
Q

T4(thyroxine) has a __________ latent period and a ____________ half life.

A

long

long

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56
Q

Structurally what hormone is thyroid hormone like? Characteristically what is it like?

A

Peptide hormone

steroid hormone

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57
Q

What enzyme converts T4(prohormone) into T3?

A

5’-iodinase

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58
Q

What are some main effects of thyroid hormone?

A 
Increased BMR
- Increased body heat
- Increased O2 consumption
Bone formation
Increased glucose absorption
Increased cardiac output
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59
Q

Thyroid hormone induces the ___________________ of cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors which mediate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system to _______________ heart rate and contractility. (Sympathomimetic)

A

up- regulation

increase

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60
Q

What hormones does thyroid hormone work with to promote bone growth(formation) and ossification?

A

growth hormone and somatomedins

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61
Q

In the perinatal period, what hormone is essential for normal maturation of the CNS?

A

Thyroid horme

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62
Q

What are some physiological effects of thyroid hormone?

A 
Increased thermogenesis and sweating
Increased rate and depth of respiration
Increased cardiac output
Increased pulse pressure
Increased utilization of substrates for energy
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63
Q

Elevated T3 & T4

Decreased TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism

What would have the following symptoms:

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64
Q

What would have the following symptoms:

Elevated T3 & T4
Decreased TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism

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65
Q

What disease is a type of hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s disease

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66
Q

What would have the following symptoms:

Decreased T3 & T4
Elevated TSH

A

Hypothyroidism

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67
Q

In adults, what does thyroid hormone regulate?

A

metabolism

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68
Q

What are TSH secretions regulated by in the body?

A

Thyroid hormone levels in the blood

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69
Q

What symptoms

would be noticed in a dietary deficiency of iodine intake(hypothyroidism)?

A

Cold intolerance
Low BMR
Obese
Decreased sweating and enlarged goiter at first

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70
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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71
Q

Growth hormone exerts its effects _________ on all or almost all tissues of the body not a specific target gland.

A

directly

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72
Q

What are the effect of Growth hormone?

A

Promotes linear bone growth
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles
Promotes fat utilization for energy
Inhibits actions of insulin

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73
Q

What are the effects of growth hormone on metabolism?

A

Promotes the use of lipids
Enhances the uptake of AA and protein synthesis
Regulation of blood glucose(anti-insulin effect)
Increases gluconeogenesis in the liver

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74
Q

Growth hormone acts ___________ on liver cells to stimulate the production of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

A

directly

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75
Q

Growth hormone has an indirect effect on childhood growth and anabolic effect in adulthood by using?

A

Insulin Growth Factor (IGF-1)

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76
Q

How does IGF-1 have a direct effect on anabolic factors?

A

Stimulates increase bone and cartilage growth (epiphyseal cartilage)

Stimulates muscle growth

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77
Q

In skeletal muscle, IGF-1 promotes the differentiation and proliferation of what type of progenitor cell?

A

myoblasts

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78
Q

Where is IGF-1 primarily produced?

A

Liver

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79
Q

What will growth hormone directly cause?

A

Lipolytic effect
Ketogenic effect
Increase lean body mass (regulating body composition)

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80
Q

What is the name of GH’s ability to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and then preferential utilize them for energy.

A

Lipolysis (lipolytic effect)

- GH increases lipolysis

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81
Q

How does growth hormone cause a ketogenic effect?

A

GH impairs glucose uptake into adipose cells

GH increases plasma levels of free fatty acids and ketoacids

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82
Q

What will occur as GH decreases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue?

A
  • Blood glucose concentration rise

- Insulin secretion increases to compensate for the GH-induced insulin resistance.

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83
Q

GH increases glucose production through gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis from the _________ and __________.

A

liver; kidney

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84
Q

How are growth hormone secretions regulated?

A

negative feedback loop

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85
Q

What feed back loop involves IGF -1 inhibiting secretions of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary.?

A

Long Loop Feedback System

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86
Q

What feed back loop involves GHRH inhibits its own secretion from the hypothalamus?

A

Ultrashort-loop feedback

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87
Q

What type of regulation is the ultrashort-loop feedback?

A

Autocrine regulation

88
Q

What feed back loop involves effects of GH on hypothalamic GHRH and somatostatin secretion?

A

Short-Loop Feedback System

89
Q

Hypothalamic neuropeptides (______________ ___ _____________) are released and carried to the pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

A

GHRH and somatostatin

90
Q

What will stimulate the secretion of somatostatin from the hypothalamus? What will inhibit the release?

A

IGF-1 and GH

GH

91
Q

What factors affect the release of GHRH from the hypothalamus?

A

Age
Time of day
Nutrient levels in the blood
Stress, and Exercise

92
Q

At what point in development is there an enormous secretory burst, induced in females by estrogen and in males by testosterone?

A

Puberty

93
Q

When is GH the highest? When does it steadily decrease?

A

puberty

Adulthood

94
Q

In what stage of a normal sleep cycle are GH concentrations the highest?

A

early stages 3 and 4

95
Q

GH is secreted in the body in what type of pattern(roughly every 2 hours)?

A

pulsatile pattern

96
Q

The largest secretory burst occurs within __ ________ of falling asleep.

A

1 hour

97
Q

What type of sleep will decrease the secretion of GH?

A

REM sleep

98
Q

GH is classified as one of the “___________” hormones and is __________ by neurogenic and physical stress

A

stress; increased

99
Q

Growth hormone is classified as what type of hormone?

A

Hyperglycemic

100
Q

What will cause a reduced mean GH concentrations, associated with decreased pulsatile GH secretion and a shorter GH half-life?

A

obesity

101
Q

What can obesity induce that will inhibit GH secretions?

A

Hyperinsulinemia

102
Q

Excess growth hormone in childhood before the growth plates have closed can cause?

A

Gigantism

103
Q

Excess growth hormone in adulthood after the growth plates have closed can cause?

A

acromegaly

104
Q

What are some characteristics of acromegaly?

A

Prominent Jaw line
Enlarged Brow
Thickening of Bone

105
Q

GH is produced best when insulin levels are _________.

A

low

106
Q

What are some anabolic effects of growth hormone?

A

Increased glucose and amino acid uptake by skeletal muscles
Stimulation of protein synthesis
Increase in bone length and density

107
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla originate from?

A

neuroectodermal

108
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla primarily secrete what catecholamines?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

109
Q

What does the adrenal medulla mainly secrete?

A

Epinephrine (80%)

110
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines in response to?

A

sympathetic neural input

111
Q

What will catalyzes the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine?

A

PNMT- phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

112
Q

What are the physiological responses to fight or flight?

A

increased cardiac output and BP
Redistribution of blood flow
Increased ventilation
Decreased GI motility and secretions Increased blood glucose

113
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A 
zona glomerulosa (outer region)
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis (inner region)
114
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

115
Q

What does aldosterone have important effect on?

A

Sodium and potassium balance

116
Q

What does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

117
Q

What will glucocorticoids influence?

A

carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

118
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens

119
Q

What weak androgens contribute to secondary sex characteristics?

A

DHEA and androstenedione

120
Q

Collectively what are the hormones from the adrenal cortex referred to as?

A

Corticosteroids

121
Q

What are corticosteroids synthesized from?

A

Cholesterol

122
Q

The rate-limiting step in the synthesis of adrenocortical hormones is the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol to form _____________.

A

pregnenolone

123
Q

The principal regulators of the adrenals are?

A

CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone

ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone

124
Q

Where is ACTH produced?

A

corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland

125
Q

What is the activation sequence for the release of Aldosterone, Cortisol & Androgens?

A

Hypothalamus activates CRH ——> tell Ant. pituitary to make ACTH —> send signal to adrenal cortex to make them

126
Q

What single precursor is ACTH derived from?

A

pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

127
Q

The synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex depend on the stimulation of cholesterol ________________.

A

desmolase

128
Q

Aldosterone will increase what in the kidneys?

A

Sodium Reabsorption & Potassium Secretion

129
Q

What is the major stimuli(regulator) of aldosterone secretion?

A

Angiotensin II

130
Q

Angiotensin II increases the synthesis and secretion of aldosterone by stimulating cholesterol desmolase and _____________ _________________.

A

aldosterone synthase

131
Q

After synthesis what is aldosterone controlled by?

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. (RAAS)

132
Q

What will be stimulated by a decrease in ECF volume causing a decrease in renal perfusion pressure?

A

Renin

133
Q

What type of cells secrete renin?

A

juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney

134
Q

Renin catalyzes the conversion of _________________ to angiotensin I

A

angiotensinogen

135
Q

What will convert Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

ACE

136
Q

How will aldosterone affect electrolyte transport in the colon?

A

increases sodium reabsorption from the colon and promotes potassium excretion in the feces.

137
Q

How will aldosterone affect electrolyte transport in the sweat and salivary glands?

A

increases sodium reabsorption and promotes potassium excretion in sweat and salivary glands

138
Q

Increase in plasma ______________ concentration increase aldosterone secretion, which in turn stimulates tubular secretion of potassium 🡪 _____ lost in the urine

A

potassium

K+

139
Q

When is the highest secretory rates for cortisol noticed?

A

just before awakening in the morning

140
Q

When is the lowest secretory rates for cortisol noticed?

A

during the evening hours and just after falling asleep

141
Q

ACTH has a _________ and ____________ secretory pattern that drives a parallel pattern of cortisol secretion.

A

pulsatile

diurnal

142
Q

What drives the diurnal pattern?

A

Your “internal clock” –> Hypthalamus

143
Q

Overall, the effects of cortisol are __________ and Diabetogenic.

A

Catabolic

144
Q

What is a catabolic example of cortisol?

A

Inhibition of inflammatory response

145
Q

What does cortisol need in order to travel in the blood?

A

transport protein

146
Q

What corticosteroid hormone will promote gluconeogenesis and storage of glycogen?

A

Glucocorticoids

147
Q

How does cortisol promote gluconeogenesis?

A
  • increases protein catabolism in muscle & decreases new protein synthesis
  • increases lipolysis
  • decreases glucose utilization by tissues
  • decreases the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue
148
Q

What autoimmune disease has primary adrenocortical insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

149
Q

What zones of the adrenal cortex does Addison’s diseases affect? What hormones are affect?

A

Destruction of all zones of the adrenal cortex

Decreased circulating levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens

150
Q

What physiological symptoms of Addison’s disease?

A

Hypoglycemia
Anorexia, weight loss, nausea, vomiting
Weakness

Hypotension
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis

Decreased pubic and axillary hair in females
decreased libido
Hyperpigmentation (α-MSH fragment)

151
Q

How will addison’s disease affect ACTH levels?

A

Increased

- negative feedback loop effect of low cortisol

152
Q

What disease is an example of hypercortisolism (hyperglycemia)?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

153
Q

How does Cushing’s syndrome affect ACTH?

A

ACTH levels are low

the high cortisol levels feed back on the anterior pituitary and inhibits ACTH secretion.

154
Q

How does Cushing’s disease affect ACTH?

A

primary defect is in the anterior pituitary, which is overproducing ACTH; ACTH levels are elevated

155
Q

What can cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A

chronic excess of glucocorticoids

- tumor or meds

156
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hyperglycemia

Muscle wasting

Central obesity

Round face, supraclavicular fat, buffalo hump

Osteoporosis

Striae

Hypertension

Virilization and menstrual disorders in females

157
Q

How does cortisol have an anti-inflammatory effect?

A

induces the synthesis of lipocortin, an inhibitor of the enzyme phospholipase A2 which produces prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

inhibits the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the proliferation of T lymphocytes

inhibits the release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells and platelets

158
Q

Cortisol up-regulates what type of receptors found on arterioles that will vasoconstrict in response to catecholamines?

A

α1-adrenergic receptors

  • Important for maintenance of BP
159
Q

How will low cortisol affect the blood pressure? High cortisol?

A

Hypotension

Hypertension

160
Q

Where are glucocorticoids found in the brain?

A

limbic system

161
Q

When is a largest bursts of ACTH and cortisol noticed?

A

just before waking

162
Q

In males, adrenal androgens play only a __________ role.

A

minor

163
Q

In females, the adrenal cortex is the _________ source of androgenic compounds.

A

major

164
Q

In females, what are adrenal androgens are responsible for?

A

development of pubic, axillary hair, and libido

165
Q

What “stress” hormone will elevate blood sugar and suppress inflammation?

A

Cortisol

166
Q

What corticoid will suppress the immune system?

A

Glucocorticoids

167
Q

How does your body get fast energy in the fight or flight response?

A

Breakdown of glycogen
Glucose released from liver
Free fatty acids released from adipose

168
Q

What processes are inhibited or decreased in the fight or flight response?

A 
Inhibition of processes associated with growth and repair
Inhibition of digestion
Inhibition of reproduction
Decrease in growth hormone
Decrease in sex hormones levels
169
Q

What are the 3 stages of the general adaptive syndrome

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

170
Q

Chronic stress response is _________________ to long term survival.

A

MALADAPTIVE

171
Q

What affects are seen with chronic stress?

A

Elevation of glucose & FFA
Increased cardiovascular function
Inhibition of growth and repair
Nervous system changes

172
Q

Chronic glucocorticoid (GC) exposure in humans can result in whole-body ____________ _______________ and obesity.

A

insulin resistance

173
Q

Metabolic syndrome is linked with _________ ________________, cardiovascular risk, and decreased survival.

A

insulin resistance

174
Q

What 3 tissues are involved in calcium regulation?

A

Bone (and teeth), Intestine and Kidney

175
Q

What 3 hormones are involved in calcium regulation?

A

PTH, calcitonin and activated vitamin D3

176
Q

What is parathyroid hormones function? Where is it released from?

A

Parathyroid gland: raises calcium in blood

177
Q

What is calcitonin’s function? Where is it released from?

A

Thyroid gland: Lower calcium levels in blood

178
Q

40 % of the calcium in the body is bound, what plasma protein is it mainly bound to?

A

Albumin

179
Q

What form is unfilterable or not protein bound calcium in?

A

Free or ionized calciumm

180
Q

Free, ionized Ca2+ is the only form of Ca2+ that is biologically ________.

A

active

181
Q

Albumin has negatively charged sites, which can bind what ions?

A

H+ ions or Ca2+ ions

182
Q

In acidemia, free ionized Ca2+ concentration _______________.

A

increases

183
Q

In ____________, free ionized Ca2+ concentration decreases.

A

alkalemia

184
Q

What structures inside the function in calcium balancing?

A

Kidneys - excrete Ca2+
GI tract - absorbs Ca2+
Bone does both

185
Q

What hormone stimulates bone resorption (Increase in blood calcium)?

A

Parathyroid hormone

186
Q

What vitamin stimulate bone absorption? What stops it from absorbing?

A

Vitamin D

Calcitonin

187
Q

What type of cells within the parathyroid gland will secrete PTH?

A

Chief cells

188
Q

How will PTH promote an increase in blood calcium levels?

A

Promotes the release of calcium from bone tissue

Stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium

  • PTH acts direct and is mediated by cAMP;
189
Q

What type of bone cell has receptors for PTH?

A

Osteoblasts

190
Q

How does PTH act on the intestines (GI)?

A

PTH acts indirectly stimulating intestinal Ca2+ absorption , via activation of vitamin D

191
Q

PTH secretion is regulated by the ________ ___________.

A

plasma [Ca2+]

192
Q

What are PTH’s 2 actions on the kidneys?

A

inhibits phosphate reabsorption

  • Inhibiting Na+-phosphate cotransport in the PCT of the nephron

stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption

193
Q

What is the name for the phosphaturic action of PTH that causes the phosphate that was resorbed from bone to be excreted in the urine?

A

Phosphaturia

194
Q

What will inhibition of Na+-phosphate cotransport cause?

A

Decreased phosphate reabsorption and phosphaturia

195
Q

What is the flow of Vitamin D through the body?

A

Skin –> Liver –> Kidney

196
Q

In the liver, what is vitamin D converted into?

A

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

197
Q

*rxn stimulated and tightly controlled by PTH

In the cortex of the kidney’s, what enzyme will convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol?

A

1 alpha hydroxlase

198
Q

What is the physiologically active form of vitamin D?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

199
Q

What will stimulate 1 alpha hydroxlase?

A

Increase in PTH

Decrease in free [Ca++]

Decrease in [calcium binding protein
calcium-stimulated ATPase
alkaline phosphatasePhosphate]

200
Q

Vitamin D stimulates formation of what in the intestines?

A

calcium binding protein
calcium-stimulated ATPase
alkaline phosphatase

201
Q

What is the overall role of vitamin D?

A

increase plasma levels of both Ca2+ and phosphate & to promote mineralization of new bone

202
Q

What is secreted from the parafollicular cells (C cells) found in the thyroid gland?

A

CalcitoIn

203
Q

What will stimulate the secretion of calcitonin?

A

in response to elevation of the extracellular calcium concentration
Calcitonin “tones down” [Ca++]nin

204
Q

How does calcitonin differ from PTH?

A

calcitonin does not participate in the minute-to-minute regulation of the plasma [Ca2+]

205
Q

What would cause increased calcitonin levels? Decreased levels?

A

Thyroid tumors

Thyroidectomy

206
Q

What does the pineal gland release in the absence of light?

A

Melatonin

207
Q

What is the function of melatonin in the body?

A

Regulation of circadian (or biological) rhythm
Promotion of sleep
?- Regulation of certain reproductive hormones (LH/FSH)

208
Q

What will stop the release of melatonin?

A

light exposure

209
Q

When are melatonin levels high or low?

A

Low during daylight hours

Higher during dark periods

210
Q

What is a photoperiod?

A

the length of day versus night

211
Q

What can melatonin block in smaller mammals?

A

Gonadotropins (LH and FSH)

212
Q

ex) when melatonin is low, gonadotropins are high

What type of relationship does melatonin and gonadotropins(sex hormones) have in humans?

A

The are Inversely related

213
Q

When are melatonin levels the lowest? Highest?

A

morning

evening

214
Q

What is the brains master bio clock that receives light and dark cues from the retina through the optic nerve to update the circadian rhythm?

A

superchiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

215
Q

How does melatonin production shift throughout the year?

A

Summer: shorter daily periods
Winter: longer periods

trisemester 3 TCC (25 decks)

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