Session 4 ILOs - Nurition & Diet

Question 1

List the essential components of the diet

Answer 1

Carbohydrates
Protein
Fat
Minerals & Vitamins
Water 
Fibre

Question 2

Define the components of daily energy expenditure (defining basal metabolic rate)

Answer 2

Basal metabolic rate is the energy required to maintain the resting activities of the body

1. Maintenance of cells - ion transport & biochemical reactions

2. Function of organs
30% - skeletal muscle (never fully relaxed)
20% - brain/CNS
20% - liver
10% - heart
20% - 'other'

3. Maintaining body temperature
   Between 36.5-37.5

Question 3

Describe the factors involved in the regulation of body weight (when does body mass change)

Answer 3

Energy intake VS energy expenditure
Energy intake > energy expenditure = weight gain
Energy intake < energy expenditure = weight loss

Question 4

Give the body mass index (BMI) equation and interpret the different value categories

Answer 4

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m)²
Underweight =         < 18.5
Desirable weight =  18.5-25 
Overweight =           25-30
Obese =                   30-35
Severely obese =    > 35

Question 5

Explain the clinical consequences of protein & energy deficiency - in adults & children

Answer 5

In adults:
Energy deficiency - causes weight loss due to subcutaneous fat and muscle wasting. Complain of cold and weakness and infections of the GI tract & lungs are common
Protein deficiency - leads to symptoms of fatigue and weakness, recurrent viral or bacterial infections, brittle nails and dry skin etc.

In children:
Energy deficiency - Marasmus where the child is emanciated with muscle wasting but no oedema. Hair is thin and dry, diarrhoea is common and anaemia may be present
Protein deficiency - Kwashiorkor occurs when a child is fed carbohydrates low in protein, rather than breast milk (displaced by young sibling). Pitting oedema, hepatomegaly. Low a.a. to make albumin, then decreases plasma oncotic pressure causing oedema

Question 6

List the 9 essential amino acids (naming the pneumonic) & 3 a.a. that you need more of in children & pregnancy

Answer 6

I - Isoleucine
L - Lysine
Th - Threonine
H - Histidine
L - Leucine
M - Methionine
P - Phenylalanine
T - Trytophan
V - Valine

(Extras)
C - Cystine
A - Argenine
T - Tyrosine