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Cells to Systems > cell structure, membrane transport + ionic homeostasis > Flashcards

cell structure, membrane transport + ionic homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

1) simple cells without nucleus

2) mostly unicellular bacteria

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

complex cells with nucleus + organelles

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

outer, limiting membrane that separates cell’s internal parts from extracellular fluid/external environment

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4
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

1) regulates flow of materials into/out of cell
2) identifies cell to other cells
3) participates in intercellular signalling

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5
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

arrangement of molecules in two parallel sheets in cellular membrane that acts as barrier to polar substances

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6
Q

What are transmembrane proteins?

A

gatekeepers that allow passage to specific molecules/ions

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7
Q

Give some example of plasma membrane proteins.

A

1) ion channel (integral)
2) carrier (integral)
3) receptor (integral)
4) enzyme (integral + peripheral)
5) linker (integral + peripheral)
6) glycoproteins

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8
Q

What is the function of ion channel proteins?

A

allows specific ions to move through water-filled pores

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9
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape

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10
Q

What is the function of receptor proteins?

A

recognises specific ligands + alters cell’s function in some way

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11
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

catalyses reaction inside/outside cell

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12
Q

What is the function of linker proteins?

A

1) anchors filaments inside + outside plasma membrane
2) provides structural stability + shape for cell
3) may participate in movement of cell/link 2 cells together

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13
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

distinguishes your cell’s from anyone else’s

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14
Q

How do substances move across cellular membranes?

A

via passive/active transport processes

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15
Q

What happens in passive processes?

A

substance moves down concentration/electrical gradient using only its kinetic energy

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16
Q

What happens in active processes?

A

cellular energy used to drive substance “uphill” against concentration/electrical gradient

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17
Q

What is the cellular energy used in active processes?

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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18
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

cytosol + all organelles except nucleus

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19
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

small, threadlike structure in nucleus of cell that bears genetic material; composed of DNA + proteins

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20
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

lipid that is the most abundant steroid in animal tissues; located in cell membranes + used for synthesis of steroid hormones + bile salts

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21
Q

What is cytosol (intracellular fluid)?

A

semifluid portion of cytoplasm in which organelles + inclusions are suspended + solutes are dissolved

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22
Q

What factors influence the rate of diffusion across plasma membranes?

A

1) steepness of concentration gradient
2) temperature
3) mass of diffusing substance
4) surface area
5) diffusion distance

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23
Q

How does steepness of the concentration gradient influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the greater the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion

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24
Q

How does temperature influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion

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25
Q

How does mass of the diffusing substance influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the larger the mass, the slower the diffusion rate

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26
Q

How does surface area influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the larger the membrane surface area available for diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate

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27
Q

How does diffusion distance influence the rate of diffusion?

A

the greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes

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28
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

passive process in which substances move freely through lipid bilayer of plasma membranes of cells without help of membrane transport proteins

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29
Q

What moves across the lipid bilayer through simple diffusion?

A

1) nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules

2) small, uncharged polar molecules

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30
Q

Give some examples of nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules.

A

1) oxygen
2) carbon dioxide
3) nitrogen gases
4) fatty acids
5) steroids
6) fat-soluble vitamins

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31
Q

Give some examples of small, uncharged polar molecules.

A

1) water
2) urea
3) small alcohols

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32
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

passive process in which an integral membrane protein assists a specific substance across the membrane

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33
Q

What is channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?

A

process in which a solute moves down concentration gradient through membrane channel

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34
Q

What are channels?

A

integral membrane proteins that allow specific, small, inorganic ions to pass across the membrane by facilitated diffusion

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35
Q

What are carriers?

A

integral membrane proteins that undergo changes in shape in order to move substances across the membrane by facilitated diffusion

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36
Q

What do the mechanisms of gating (opening/closing) depend on?

A

1) voltage
2) ligands
3) temperature
4) pH
5) mechanical stress

37
Q

osmosis

A

passive net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration

38
Q

What is osmosis opposed by?

A

hydrostatic pressure

39
Q

How can water pass through plasma membrane?

A

1) through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion

2) through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)

40
Q

tonicity

A

measure of a solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content

41
Q

antiporters

A

carry two substances across the membrane in opposite directions

42
Q

symporters

A

carry two substances across the membrane in the same direction

43
Q

vesicle

A

small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane

44
Q

endocytosis

A

materials moving into a cell in a vesicle

45
Q

What are the types of endocytosis?

A

1) receptor-.mediated endocytosis
2) phagocytosis
3) bulk-phase endocytosis

46
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid

47
Q

transcytosis

A

combination of endocytosis + exocytosis

48
Q

phagocytosis

A

phagocyte engulfs large particles such as viruses/bacteria/dead cells

49
Q

What are the 2 types of phagocytes?

A

1) macrophages

2) neutrofils

50
Q

What is exocytosis important for?

A

neurotransmitter signalling

51
Q

exocytosis

A

release of materials from cells

52
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular fluid surrounding the organelles

53
Q

organelles

A

specialised structures within a cell

54
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol

55
Q

What are the 3 types of cytoskeletons?

A

1) microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubules

56
Q

microfilaments

A

generate movement/mechanical support

57
Q

intermediate filaments

A

stabilise organelle positions/attach cells together

58
Q

microtubules

A

determine cell shape/movement of organelles + vesicles

59
Q

cilia

A

short, hair-like projections from the cell surface that move fluids along a cell surface

60
Q

flagella

A

long projections that move an entire cell

61
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

62
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

attached to outer surface of nuclear membrane + endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

large amounts of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

64
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs/tubules

65
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

connected to the nuclear envelope, a series of flattened sacs whose surface is stuffed with ribosomes

66
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum produce?

A

secretory/membrane/organellar proteins

67
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of membrane tubules without ribosomes that synthesises fatty acids + steroids/detoxifies certain drugs

68
Q

golgi complex

A

3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae

69
Q

What does the golgi complex do?

A

modify/sort/package proteins for transport to different destinations

70
Q

lysosomes

A

vesicles that form from the golgi complex + contain powerful digestie enzymes

71
Q

peroxisomes

A

vesicles that detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol, using oxidase enzymes

72
Q

Where are peroxisomes abundant?

A

liver

73
Q

proteasomes

A

vesicles that continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins

74
Q

Where are proteasomes found?

A

cytosol + nucleus

75
Q

What do proteasomes contain?

A

a multitude of protease enzymes

76
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

generates ATP by aerobic respiration

77
Q

Where are mitochondria prevalent?

A

active cells (muscles/liver/kidney)

78
Q

What shape is the nucleus?

A

spherical/oval

79
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

80
Q

nuclear pores

A

numerous openings in the nuclear envelope that control movement of substances between nucleus + cytoplasm

81
Q

nucleolous

A

spherical body that produces ribosomes

82
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A

1) plasma membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleus

83
Q

How many chromosomes are there in most cells of the human body?

A

46

84
Q

What are the non-polar parts of phospholipids?

A

fatty acid tail groups

85
Q

Most intravenous solutions are ? with respect to blood cells.

A

isotonic

86
Q

What is the site of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA + proteins into ribosomal subunits?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum??????????

87
Q

What other organelle besides the nucleus contains DNA?

A

golgi complex??????????

88
Q

What organelle engulfs worn-out organelles, digests its chemical components, and recycles them?

A

lysosomes?????????

Cells to Systems (4 decks)

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