Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DEN 2026 - Pharmacology > Antiviral and Antifungal Agents > Flashcards

Antiviral and Antifungal Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 types of antifungal drugs

A
  1. Nystatin
  2. Amphotericin B
  3. Azole agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 3 azole agents

A
  1. Fluconazole
  2. Miconazole
  3. Ketoconazole
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 2 main features of antifungal agent treatments?

A
  1. Tend to use topically as most fungal infections tend to be superficial
  2. Only if infection resistant or patient is systemically unwell or immunocompromised is systemic drug used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 2 superficial fungal infections?

A
  1. Oral candida

2. Tinea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 2 fungal infections treated with systemic antifungal agents?

A
  1. Aspergillosis

2. Systemic candidiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an overview of amphotericin

A
  • Polyene macrolide
  • Poorly absorbed from GIT so given IV
  • Amphiphile
  • Nearly insoluble in water so given as colloid solution of liposomal delivery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 steps of amphotericin’s mode of action?

A
  1. Binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
  2. Forms a pore in the fungal cell wall
  3. Allows leakage of ions and macromolecules leading to cell death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does amphotericin avoid host cells?

A

Host cells have cholesterol in their membranes, as opposed to ergosterol, which amphotericin tends not to interact with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are 4 immediate reactions to amphotericin?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe 3 ways in which immediate reactions to amphotericin can be reduced

A
  1. Give test dose to ensure patient can tolerate drug
  2. Anti-pyretics (reduce fever) and anti-histamines (reduce immune response)
  3. Slow infusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are 4 adverse effects of amphotericin due to gradual toxicity?

A
  1. Nephrotoxicity
  2. Hypokalaemia
  3. Abnormal LFTs
  4. Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does LFT stand for?

A

Liver function test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an overview of nystatin

A
  • Polyene macrolide
  • Too toxic for systemic use
  • No absorption from skin or mucous membranes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the dental use of nystatin?

A

Local treatment for mouth infections with candida albicans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name 4 oral diseases with candida albicans

A
  1. Thrush
  2. Denture stomatitis
  3. Antibiotic induced stomatitis
  4. Some forms of mucocutaneous candidiasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do triazole agents tend to act as antifungal agents?

A
  • Inhibit ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P450 3A enzyme
  • Depletion of ergosterol in membrane inhibits membrane-associated enzyme activity
  • Prevents replication and hyphae transformation
17
Q

Describe the ADME of fluconazole

A
  • Absorbed well orally and available IV
  • Good tissue and fluid penetration
  • T½ = 25 hours
  • 90% excreted through urine
18
Q

What are 2 major considerations when using fluconazole?

A
  1. Caution with kidney function as mostly excreted through urine
  2. Careful if patient is taking drug processed by cytochrome P450 (warfarin) as drug levels will rise
19
Q

Name 5 adverse effects of fluconazole

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Headache
  3. Abdominal pain
  4. Hepatitis *
  5. Stevens-Johnson syndrome *
    (* rare symptoms)
20
Q

What azole tends to be used as a first line treatment before fluconazole?

A

Miconazole

21
Q

What are the 2 dental uses of triazole agents?

A
  1. Systemic fungal infections

2. Local candidiasis not resolved by nystatin

22
Q

What are 4 types of herpesviruses?

A
  1. Herpes simplex
  2. Varicella zoster
  3. Epstein-Barr virus
  4. Cytomegalovirus
23
Q

What drug is used to treat herpesviruses?

A

Aciclovir (famciclovir)

24
Q

Give an overview how aciclovir inhibits herpesvirus infection

A
  • Nucleoside analogue (guanosine)
  • Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
  • 2 point selective toxicity
25
Q

What are the points of selective toxicity of aciclovir?

A
  1. Viral thymidine kinase

2. Viral DNA polymerase

26
Q

How does aciclovir inhibit viral replication by viral thymidine kinase?

A
  • Viral kinase tries to phosphorylate guanine for DNA replication
  • Aciclovir is a guanine analogue
  • Aciclovir occupies the receptors on guanine so prevent viral DNA replication
27
Q

How does aciclovir inhibit viral replication by viral DNA polymerase?

A
  • Aciclovir goes into cell and is monophosphorylated by viral kinase (does not happen if healthy cell as viral kinase not present)
  • Host kinase adds 2 more phosphate molecules to form aciclovir triphosphate
  • Aciclovir triphosphate adds 2 phosphate groups to viral DNA polymerase to inhibit the enzyme
28
Q

Describe the 6 steps of the life cycle of an animal virus

A
  1. Viral entry and uncoating
  2. Reverse transcription
  3. Integrase
  4. Nucleic acid synthesis
  5. Post translational processing
  6. Budding and spread of new virions
29
Q

How does resistance occur to aciclovir?

A

Deficient thymidine kinase activity

30
Q

What are 4 adverse effects of aciclovir?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Headache
  3. Nephrotoxicity
  4. Reduce doses in renal impairment
31
Q

Describe famciclovir as an alternative to aciclovir

A
  • Pro-drug of penciclovir
  • Achieves higher cell concentration and prolonged effect
  • Taken less times per day so better compliance
  • More expensive
32
Q

Describe remdesivir as an antiviral drug

A
  • Pro-drug converted intracellularly to a nucleoside analogue
  • Fake AMP converted to ADP and prevents RNA polymerase from reproducing
33
Q

What are 2 ways to fight influenza viruses?

A
  1. Vaccination

2. Oseltamivir

34
Q

Describe oseltamivir as an antiviral drug

A
  • Inhibits neuraminidase glycoprotein used in viral budding

- Pro-drug activated by liver on 1st pass

35
Q

Name 3 adverse effects of oseltamivir

A
  1. Nausea
  2. GI upset
  3. Headache

DEN 2026 - Pharmacology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions