Chapter 27 Amines, Amides And Condensation Polymers

Question 1

What is addition polymerisation?

Answer 1

Reactions between monomers with multiple bonds (e.g. C=C double bonds) to form saturated polymers (without double bonds)

A small molecule is not eliminated

Question 2

What is condensation polymerisation?

Answer 2

Monomers react to form a polymer with the elimination of a smaller molecule

Question 3

What are secondary amines?

Answer 3

Amines with two alkyl / aryl groups attached

Question 4

What are the different ways you can form polyamides?

Answer 4

Amino acid + amino acid

Diamine + decarboxylic acid

Diamine + diacyl chloride

Question 5

What are the bonds between amino acids called?

Answer 5

Peptide linkages

Question 6

What are the different ways you can form polyesters?

Answer 6

Diol + dicarboxylic acid

Diol + diacyl chloride

Hydroxycarboxylic acid + hydroxycarboxylic acid

Question 7

What are the conditions and reagents needed to form a primary amine and WHY?

Answer 7

ETHANOL solvent to prevent haloalkane reacting with water to form alcohol

EXCESS AMMONIA to prevent further REDUCTION of primary amine to form secondary amine

+ NaOH later on to remove halogen group to leave primary amine behind

Question 8

What is an example of the reactants needed to form a primary amine?

Answer 8

CH3Cl + NH3 -> CH3NH3+Cl-

CH3NH3+Cl- + NaOH -> CH3NH2 + NaCl + H2O

Question 9

What is an example of the reactants needed to form a secondary amine?

Answer 9

CH3Cl + CH3NH2 -> (CH3)2NH2+Cl-

(CH3)2NH2+Cl- + NaOH -> (CH3)2NH2 + NaCl + H2O

Question 10

What are zwitterions?

Answer 10

Ions containing both a negatively charged group and a positively charged group on the same atom

Question 11

What is an example of a zwitterion?

Answer 11

a-amino acids

E.g. alanine

Question 12

What is the isoelectric point?

Answer 12

pH at which a zwitterion contains both a negatively charged group and a negatively charged group

Question 13

What is an optical isomer?

Answer 13

Non-superimposable mirror images of a compound

Question 14

How do zwitterions work?

Answer 14

Placed in solution with HIGHER pH (alkaline) than isoelectric point = acts as ACID and DONATES proton

Placed in solution with LOWER pH (acidic) than isoelectric point = acts as BASE and ACCEPTS proton

Question 15

What is a racemic mixture?

Answer 15

A mixture containing 50% left-hand optical isomers and 50% right-hand optical isomers

Question 16

What is an enantiomer?

Answer 16

An optical isomer of a compound (either left-hand or right-hand)

Question 17

Why does a racemic mixture not allow any plane-polarised light to pass?

Answer 17

Racemic mixture contains 50% left-hand and 50% right-hand isomer

Half of solution (right-hand) rotates clockwise and other half (left-hand) rotates anti-clockwise so plane-polarised light cannot pass through

Question 18

What is a buffer?

Answer 18

Mixture of acid and alkali that keeps reagents at fixed pH

Question 19

What does NMR stand for?

Answer 19

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Question 20

What does Nuclear Magnetic Resonance do?

Answer 20

Provides information about the nuclei of certain atoms