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Evolution of cells > The origin of cells and cell theory > Flashcards

The origin of cells and cell theory Flashcards

1
Q

Can protocells self-replicate?

A

Yes

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2
Q

How do protocells replicate?

A

Nucleotides enter the protocells and are incorporated into the nucleotide chain.

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3
Q

What kind of cells were found in 3.5 billion year old rocks rocks in the 1990s?

A

Cyanobacteria

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4
Q

How long did it take for cells to appear after the formation of Earth?

A

500 million to a billion years.

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5
Q

Who first coined the term “cell”?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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6
Q

What are the principles of cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are the fundamental units of life.
  2. All organisms are composed of cells
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
  4. Modern cells evolved from a common ancestor
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7
Q

What are the implications of cell theory?

A
  1. Functions of all cells are similar
  2. Life is continuous
  3. Origin of life was the origin of cells
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8
Q

What are the distinctive traits of all living things?

A
  • Take in matter and energy from the environment
  • they respond to environmental stimulus
  • conduct homeostasis
  • they grow and develop
  • they reproduce
  • they pass genetic information from one generation to the next
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9
Q

What happens as cell volume increases?

A

Chemical activity, need for resources and waste removal increases.

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10
Q

What are the two basic types of microscopes?

A

Light and electron

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11
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Electromagnetics are used to focus an electron beam.

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12
Q

Where is DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

The nucleoside.

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13
Q

What encloses prokaryotes?

A

A cell membrane and a rigid cell wall.

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14
Q

What additional structures does a bacterial cell contain?

A

An additional outer membrane and a polysaccharide layer.

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15
Q

What is the function of the internal membranes found in cyanobacteria?

A

Photosynthesis.

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16
Q

What are the extracellular structures found on prokaryotes?

A

Flagella, pili and fimbriae

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17
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

To maintain cell shapes and play roles in cell movement and cell division.

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18
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Separating a cell into its composite parts for study.

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19
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No

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20
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

All parts of the nucleus bar the nucleolus.

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21
Q

Where is the nuclear envelope found?

A

Around the nucleus.

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22
Q

What is included in the endomembrane system?

A

The nuclear envelope, cell membrane, ER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes.

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23
Q

What are the functions of the RER?

A
  • make membrane bound proteins
  • transport proteins around the cell
  • site of chemical modification of proteins
  • site of the formation of disulphide bridges and tertiary folding
  • formation of glycoproteins
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24
Q

How do proteins enter the lumen of the RER?

A

Through pores

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25
Q

What is the function of the smooth ER?

A
  • makes toxins polar so they can be removed
  • site of glycogen degradation
  • synthesis of lipids and steroids
  • storage of calcium ions
26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Process and package proteins received from the RER

27
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus comprised of?

A

The cisternae and vesicles

28
Q

What are the three regions of the cisternae?

A
  1. the cis region nearest the nucleus
  2. the trans region found closest to the membrane
  3. the medial region found in between
29
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

It is where macromolecules are hydrolysed into monomers.

30
Q

Where do primary lysosomes originate from?

A

The Golgi apparatus

31
Q

How is a secondary lysosome formed?

A

By the binding of the phagosome to the primary lysosome

32
Q

What happens to the used secondary lysosome?

A

It fuses with the cell membrane and releases digested particles into the environment (exocytosis).

33
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

The pocket that absorbs material in phagocytosis.

34
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Programmed destruction of cells components.

35
Q

What types of cell contain plastids?

A

Plant and some protist.

36
Q

What is the internal membrane of chloroplasts comprised of?

A

Thylakoids containing chlorophyll

37
Q

What is the area outside the thylakoid membrane called?

A

The stroma

38
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Accumulation of peroxides.

39
Q

What is the structure of peroxisomes?

A

Single membrane and granular interior.

40
Q

Where are glyoxysomes found?

A

In plant cells

41
Q

What is the function of glyoxysomes?

A

To convert stored lipids to carbohydrates.

42
Q

Which cell types contain vacuoles?

A

Plants, fungi and protists

43
Q

From where does the vacuole arise?

A

The ER and Golgi body

44
Q

What is the general function of the vacuole?

A

To give structure and prevent bursting.

45
Q

What is the function of the vacuole in petals?

A

It contains pigment that attracts pollinators and so assists in reproduction.

46
Q

What is the function of vacuoles in seeds?

A

Hydrolyses proteins to monomers for food during development.

47
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • To support the cell and maintain shape
  • Holds organelles in position
  • Helps organelles move around the cell
  • Involved in cytoplasmic streaming
  • Anchor cell
48
Q

What is the cytoskeleton comprised of?

A

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules.

49
Q

What are the functions of microfilaments?

A
  • They allow movement and determine and stabilise cell shape.
  • Involved in cytoplasmic streaming
  • Involved in the formation of pseudopodia
50
Q

What are microfilaments comprised of?

A

Monomers of actin

51
Q

What are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A
  • Anchor cells in place

- Resist tension by stretching through the cytoplasm and connecting to desmosomes.

52
Q

What is the structure of microtubules?

A

Long, hollow unbranched cylinders of tubulin.

53
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

They act as a framework for motor proteins to move within the cell.

54
Q

Where do microtubules radiate from?

A

The microtubule organising centre (MTOC).

55
Q

What are the two ways of determining cause and effect?

A
  • Inhibition (inhibit A and see if B still occurs)

- Mutation (examine cell that lacks A and see if B still occurs)

56
Q

What is the plant cell wall comprised of?

A

Cellulose fibres embedded in polysaccharides.

57
Q

What are the functions of the plant cell wall?

A
  • Provides support for cell

- Creates barrier to infection by fungi

58
Q

What are the cytoplasm of adjacent cells joined by?

A

Plasmodesmata

59
Q

What cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix?

A

Animal cells

60
Q

What is the extracellular matrix comprised of?

A

Collagen, proteoglycans and proteins.

61
Q

What are the functions of the extracellular matrix?

A
  • Contributes physical properties of cartilage and skin
  • Filters materials passing between tissues
  • Orients cell movement in embryonic development and tissue repair
  • Cell signalling

Evolution of cells (7 decks)

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