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MBBS - Year 1 > Intro to Pathology > Flashcards

Intro to Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of disease

A

Congenital

Acquired

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2
Q

Congenital diseases

A

Present at birth

Can be genetic e.g. cystic fibrosis or non-genetic e.g thalidomide anomalies

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3
Q

Acquired diseases

A

Result of environmental factors

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4
Q

What do most diseases arise from

A

A combo of causes

Multifactorial aetiology

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5
Q

VITAMIN CDEF

A

Surgical sieve - thought process for a differential diagnosis

Vascular 
Infl/ infectious 
Trauma 
Automimmune 
Metabolic
Iatrogenic/ idiopathic 
Neoplastic 
Congenital 
Drugs/ degenerative diseases 
Endocrine disorders 
Functional
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6
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment e.g. vomiting and hair loss w/ chemo

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7
Q

Idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is not known e.g. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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8
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Mechanism by which disease is caused

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9
Q

Morphology

A

Form and structural changes

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10
Q

Neoplasm

A

Abnormal cell growth, can be benign or malignant (cancers)

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11
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into

A 
Skin 
Neural tissue 
Adrenal medulla
Pituitary gland 
Eyes 
Ears
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12
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into

A 
Muscle 
Bone and cartilage 
Heart and blood vessels 
Urogenital system 
Bone marrow and lymphatic tissue 
Adrenal cortex
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13
Q

What does the endoderm develop into

A 
Lining of GI and respiratory tracts 
GI organs (liver, pancreas)
Bladder, vagina, urethra 
Larynx, trachea, lungs 
Thyroid and parathyroid glands 
Thymus
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14
Q

Function of epithelium

A 
Protection (skin)
Absorptions (GI tract)
Surface transport (airways)
Secretion (glands)
Excretion (kidney)
Gas exchange (alveoli)
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15
Q

What do osteoblasts produce

A

Osteoid - main component of bone

Predominantly made of collagen

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which internal variables are kept within a normal range of values which allows us to maintain a physiological state which is compatible w/ life

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17
Q

-ve feedback

A

Focuses on bringing back variable change to normal level, preventing an excessive response

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18
Q

+ve feedback

A

A variable change causes adjustment in the same direction as the initiating event e.g. bleeding, intensifying the response to stimulus until an endpoint is reached – less commonly used

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19
Q

+ve feedback in bleeding

A 
Break/ tear occurs in blood vessel wall 
\+ve feedback cycle initiated 
Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals - stimulating the release of more clotting factors 
Platelet plug is formed 
Feedback cycle ends when plug is formed
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20
Q

What does a normal cell require to be viable

A 
Protection from environment 
Adequate nutrition 
Communication 
Energy generation 
Movement 
Molecular catabolism 
Renewal of senescent molecules
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21
Q

Why does a normal cell require communication

A

Extracellular signals determine whether a cell will live or die, whether it remains quiescent or whether it is stimulated to perform a spp function

22
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking doen molecules

23
Q

Senescent

A

No longer viable

24
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Able to convert long fatty acids to medium sized ones - also generates H2O2 but peroxisome contains peroxidase

25
Q

Peroxidase

A

Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

26
Q

How does material arrive at lysosomes

A

Via 1 of 3 pathways:
Endosome
Phagosome
Proteosome

27
Q

Endosome

A

Transports substances in and out of cells

28
Q

Proteosomes

A

Organelles which digest unneeded or damaged proteins, releasing peptides after they have been identified by attachment of ubiquitin

29
Q

What cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer

A

Polar molecules >75 Daltons in mass

Ions

30
Q

Examples of molecules that can passively diffuse through phospholipid bilayer

A 
Oxygen 
Carbon dioxide 
Urea 
Alcohol 
Steroids
31
Q

Methods of transporting substances in and out of cells

A 
Carrier or channel proteins 
Endocytosis 
Exocytois
Phagocytosis 
Transcytosis
32
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Caveolae- mediated endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

33
Q

Caveolae mediated endocytosis

A

Involved in regulation transmembrane signalling and cell adhesion by moving receptors
Moves integrins and is responsible for vitamin uptake

34
Q

Integrins

A

Molecules which join cells to the surrounding stroma).

35
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Vesicles form around bigger molecules
These fuse w/ lysosomes, releasing contents
Receptors are then recycled back to the plasma membrane

36
Q

Transcytosis

A

Movement of endocytosed vesicles between apical and basolateral components of the cell – how antibodies pass from breast milk through intestinal cells

37
Q

Main methods of cell communication

A

Synaptic transmission
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine

38
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Occurs at the neuromuscular junction, where acetylcholine travels from a nerve across the synaptic space to the acetylcholine receptor on the muscle cell

39
Q

Autocrine signalling

A

When the cell stimulates itself and this occurs during cell development or to amplify a response, tumours can survive by producing growth factors which act via an autocrine mechanism

40
Q

Paracrine signalling

A

Targets cells in immediate vicinity
Involved in generation of new blood vessels e.g. angiogenesis
Also involved in cell motility and tumour metastasis

41
Q

Which signals do cells respond to

A 
Pathogens 
Damage to neighbouring cells 
Contact w/ neighbouring cells 
Contact w/ extracellular matrix 
Secreted molecules e.g. growth factors, cytokines and hormones
42
Q

Receptor mediated signalling

A

Receptors can be in cell (transcription factors) or on cell surface (transmembrane proteins w/ extracellular domains which bind soluble secreted ligands)
Activated by lipid-soluble ligands e.g Vit D and steroid hormones

43
Q

What happens after a ligand binds to a cell surface receptor

A

Ion channel opens - usually at neuromuscular junction
A G-prptein is activated
Tyrosine kinase activation
Latent tran scripting factor activated

44
Q

Growth factors

A

Stimulate activity of proteins which are needed for cell survival, growth and division
Promote entry of cells into the cell cycle
Relive blocks on cell cycle progression
Prevent apoptosis
Enhance synthesis of cell components

45
Q

Function of ecm

A

Support cell anchorage, polarity and migration
Control cell proliferation via growth factors and integrin signalling
Provides a scaffold for tissue renewal
Creates tissue microenvironments

46
Q

Important properties of stem cells

A

Capacity for self-renewal

Asymetric division

47
Q

Asymmetric cell division

A

One daughter cell matures, and the other remains a stem cell

48
Q

Symmetric cell division

A

Two daughter cells

Occurs in embryonic stem cells and under conditions of stress

49
Q

Totipotent

A

Can give rise to all types of differentiated tissues e.g. embryonic stem cells

50
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Tissue stem cell
Can only replace cells in the tissue in which they reside
Reside in stem cell niches in many organs

51
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

Found in bone marrow and fat

Give rise to chondrocytes, osteocytes, adipocytes and myocytes

52
Q

Stem cell niches

A

Around bone marrow vessels
In the bulge region of the hair follicle
In the limbus of the cornea
In gut crypts
In the canals of Hering of intrahepatic bile ductules in the liver
In the subventricular zone of the brain

MBBS - Year 1 (93 decks)

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