Intro to Anatomy and Embryology Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Midline
A
Line between left and right
Also called sagittal plane
2
Q
Parasagittal plane
A
Line between mid-line and edge of body
3
Q
Horizontal plane
A
Divided top and bottom half of body
4
Q
Coronal plane
A
Divides front and back portions of the body
5
Q
Superior
A
Towards the head
6
Q
Inferior
A
Towards feet
7
Q
Medial
A
Closer to the midline
8
Q
Lateral
A
Further from the midline
9
Q
Anterior
A
Front of body
10
Q
Posterior
A
Back of body
11
Q
Proximal
A
Used when describing limbs, closer to hand or foot
12
Q
Distal
A
Used when describing limbs, closer to hand or foot
13
Q
Superficial
A
Closer to surface of body e.g. skin
14
Q
Deep
A
Closer to bones
15
Q
Functions of the skeleton
A
Provides support for soft tissues
Protects our internal organs
Aids body movement
16
Q
Joint
A
When a bone meets another bone, they form an articulation
17
Q
Main types of joints
A
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilginous
Synovial
18
Q
Bony joints
A
Bones are connected by bones e.g 3 bones of the pelvis
19
Q
Fibrous
A
Bones connected by fibres e.g bones of the skull
20
Q
Cartilganous
A
Bones connected by cartilage
21
Q
Foramen
A
A hole in a bone
22
Q
Fossa
A
Shallow depression or crater
23
Q
Spine
A
Sharp, raised region
24
Q
Tuberosity, tubercle, trochanter
A
Raised bump for an attachment of muscles or ligaments
25
Two groups of veins
Deep
| Superficial
26
Deep veins
Generally follows course of arteries and have same name - run in ipp. directions
27
Superficial veins
Much more variable than deep veins
| Blood in the veins MUST drain into deep veins before returning to the heart
28
Neurovascular bundle
When a nerve, artery and vein all supply the same structure and therefore travel together
29
Latin terminology
```
Longus - long muscle
Rectus - straight muscle
Cep - muscle belly/ head e.g. triceps, bicep
Brevis -short
Magnus - large
```
30
Muscle compartments in the lower limb
```
Anterior thigh
Medial thigh
Anterior leg
Lateral leg
Inferior Gluteal
Superior gluteal
Posterior thigh
Posterior leg - superficial
Posterior leg - deep
```
31
How are muscles separated into groups
By fascia
| Along w/ their blood and nerve supply
32
Common muscle actions of the anterior thigh
Flexion of hip
| Extension of knee
33
Muscle actions of the sartorius
Flexion of the knee
| Lateral rotation of hip
34
Muscle actions of vastus medalis
Medial deviation of the kneecap
35
Muscle actions of the medial thigh
Adduction of hip
36
Nerve supply of the medial thigh
Obturator nerve
37
Muscle actions of anterior leg
Extension of ankle
| Extension of toes
38
Nerve supplies of the anterior leg
Deep peroneal nerve
39
Muscle actions of the superior gluteal compartment
Abduction of hip
40
Nerve supplies of the superior gluteal compartment
Superior gluteal nerve
41
Muscle actions of inferior gluteal nerve
Extension of hip
42
Nerve supplies of inferior gluteal nerve
Inferior gluteal nerve
43
Muscle actions of lateral leg
Eversion of ankle
44
Nerve supplies of lateral leg
Superficial peroneal nerve
45
Muscle actions of posterior thigh
Extension of hip
| Flexion of knee
46
Nerve supplies of posterior thigh
Tibial nerve
47
Muscle actions of posterior leg (superficial)
Flexion of ankle
48
Muscle actions of posterior leg (deep)
Flexion of toes
| Flexion of ankle
49
Nerve supplies of posterior leg (superficial)
Tibial nerve
50
Nerve supplies of posterior leg (deep)
Tibial nerve
51
Week 1 of early development
Fertilisation to implantation
52
Week 2 of early development
Bilaminar Germ disc
Amniotic cavity
Primary yolk sac
53
Week 3 of early development
Gastrulation
54
Gastrulation
```
Trilaminar Germ Disc
Primitive Streak
Notochord
Neural tube
Body Axes/ Growth of embryonic disc
Determination of mesodermal elements
```
55
Weeks 3-8 of early development
```
Neurulation
Development of:
Somites --> skeleton
Intraembryononic coelom
Primitive cardiovascular system
All major organs
```
56
Neurulation
Development of the nervous system
57
Intraembryonic coelom
Body cavities
58
Weeks 8 - birth of early development
Foetal period
Maturation tissues and organs as they aren't all fully functional
Rapid growth of the foetal body
59
Induction
One group of cells and tissues (inducer) cause another group of cells and tissues to change their fate (responder) e.g epithelium - mesenchymal interaction
60
Cell signalling involved in early development
Signal transduction
Paraxrine interactions
Juxtacrine
61
Signal transduction
Signal molecules (ligand) and a receptor
62
Paracrine interactions
Protein diffusion between cells, paracrine factors or growth and differentiation factors and neurotransmitters
63
Juxtacrine
Non-diffucible factors
| Cell's surface ligands or direct cell-to-cell communication
64
Where do the spermatozoon and ovum make contact
In the ampulla (12-24 hrs after ovulation)
65
Fertilisation to implantation
Two-cell zygote cleaves ---> morula
Ingress of fluid inside forces cells to migrate to poles --> blastocyst cavity, embeds itself into wall
Blastocyst forms
Uterine secretory phase
66
Blastocyst
2 cell layers formed from cells that migrated and implanatation
Inner cell mass - embrypblast
Outer cell mass - trophoblast
67
Bilaminar disc
Two cell layers in the inner cell mass
Epiblast - high columnar cell
Hypoblast - cuboidal cell
68
Processes in week 2 of early development
Bilaminar disc
Formation of primary yolk sac and amniotic cavity
Cyotrophoblast and synciotrophoblast form
Chorionic activity and plate form
Deblopmnet of uterplacental circulations
Connecting stalk - primitive umbilical cord
Formation of secondary yolk sac
69
Uteroplacental circulation
By 3rd week diffusion can no longer supply needs of the developing embryo Formation of primitive blood vessels
70
Where does the trilaminar disc originate from
Epiblast as well as notochord
71
Invagination of some epiblast mesenchyme cells
Formation of endoderm from hypoblast @ day 14/15
Mesoderm formed in between @ day 16
Epiblast cells remaining on surface - ectoderm
72
Mesodermal elements
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm (somatic and splanchnic)
73
Neural crest cells migrate to
Contribute to tissues and organs incl craniofacial skeleton
74
What do neural crest cells form
Dorsal root ganglia and ganglia of autonomic nervous system
Meninges (surroundings of our brain)
Several skeletal and muscular components of the head
75
Dorsal yolk sac
Construction between embryo and yolk sac after longitudinal and transverse folding converts the flat trilaminar embryonic disc into a C-shaped, cylindrical embryo
76
Development of somites
Mesoderm form bilateral longitudinal columns that divide into paired somites in a craniocaudal sequence (38 pairs)
77
Early somites
Paired bead-like elevations along the dorsolateral surface of the embryo
78
What do mesenchyme cells from the smite give rise to
Axial skeleton and associated muscles
| Dermis
79
Ectoderm folding
Dorsal folding to form the neural tube - neurulation
80
Endoderm folding
Forms ventral surface of embryo and roof of yolk sac, ventral folding ro form the inner lining of the gut tube
81
Transverse folding (weeks 4-8)
Expansion of the amniotic cavity into extraembryonic (chorionic) cavity
Formation of the intraembryonic coelom (primitive body cavity)
Formation of embryonic gut tube
82
Formation of intra-embryonic coelom
Lateral plate splitting into 2 layers, visceral and splanchnic
83
Visceral (splanchnic) layer
Continuous w/ extraembryonic mesoderm covering the yolk sac
Forms wall of primitive gut
84
Parietal (somatic) layer
Continuous w/ extra embryonic mesoderm covering amnion
| Forms body wall
85
What happens to somites after they're formed
Their ventral and medial walls divide into 2 masses of cells, sclerotome and dermomyotome
86
Sclerotome
Ventromedial, vertebral column and ribs
87
Dermomyotome
Forms in the dorsolateral wall of the somite
| Further differentiates into 2 regions, myotome region (muscles) and dermomyotome region (dermis of skin)
88
Somite differentiation
Paraxial mesoderm
Somites - occipital region caudally
Somitomeres - head
89
Somite differentiation - muscle development
Involves myotomes cell masses
Cell of myotome leave myotome to become elongated and spindle shaped - myoblasts
Myoblasts differentiate and fuse w/ other myoblasts - myotubes
Fusion of myotubes will form muscle fibres
90
Myoblasts
Embryonic muscle cells
91
Where do myotomes develop from
Small dorsal division of somite - epaxial
| Large ventral decision of somite - hypaxial
92
What does each division of a myotome form
A spp group of muscles w/ elongation on these groups split into flexor and extensor components
93
Where does each myotome receive innervation from
Spinal nerves from the same somite segment as the muscle cell
94
What do epimeres form
Epaxial division
Extensors of the back and vertebral column
Extensors of the lumbar
95
What do hypomeres form
Hypaxial division
| Lateral and ventral flexor musculature of the trunk
96
Branchiomeres
Myoblasts from the branchial arches --> develops into face
97
How does bone start as
Condenstation of mesenchymal cells
98
Bones formed by intrammebranous bone formation
Most flat bones
99
Bones formed by endochondral bone formation
Most limb bones
100
Chondrofication centres
Mesenchyme cells differentiate into chondroblasts
| Collagenous/ elastic fibres are deposited in matrix and a cartilaginous (hyaline) bine model forms
101
Chondroblasts function
Secrete collagen and ground (substance) matrix
102
Where are primary chondrification centres formed
In the diaphysis
103
Sites of secondary ossification centres
Epiphysis
104
What does the sternum develop from
```
Lateral plate (parietal) mesoderm
Costal cartilage from paraxial mesoderm
```
105
How many separate bony elements make up the face
45
106
What is the skull divided into
Neurocranium
| Viscerocranium
107
Neurocranium
Protects the brain
| Membranous part and cartilaginous part (base of skull)
108
Viscerocranium
Facial skeleton
| Formed mainly by the first 2 pharyngeal arches
109
Intramembranous ossification of the skull
Mesenchyme condense and osteoblasts form a matrix, later calcium phosphate deposits
Bone spicules radiate from the primary ossification centres within membranous sheaths
Enlarge by apposition of new layers on the outer surface and osteoclastic resorption inside
110
What are flat bones separated by
Sutures (connective tissue)
111
Fontanelles
Membrane connecting >2 parts of a baby's skull
112
Types of fontanelles
Anterior
Posterior
Sphenoidal
Mastoid
113
Anterior fontanelle closure
~ 1-3 yrs post birth
114
Posterior fontanelle closure
~ 2 months post birth
115
Sphenoidal fontanelle closure
~ 2 months post birth
116
Mastoid fontanelle closure
~ 6-18 months post birth
117
What do limb buds consist of initially
Mesenchymal core from the parietal (somatic) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm covered by an outer layer off ectoderm
118
Apical Ectodermal Ridge (AER)
Ectoderm at the distal border of the limb thickens to form AER
AER exerts an inductive influence of the adjacent mesenchyme causing it to remain undifferentiated, rapidly proliferating cells – Progression Zone
Cells further from the AER differentiate into cartilage and muscles
119
Digit formation
In the distal end of the limb bud a flat hand or foot plate forms
Cell death in the AER creates 5 separate AER regions for finger growth; cell death in the interdigital spaces separates the fingers
120
Limb development
```
Onset of development of arm bud ~ 27 days
Well-developed arm bud ~ 28-30 days
Elongation of arm bud ~ 34-36 days
Formation of hand paddle ~ 34-38 days
Onset of finger separation ~ 38-40 days
Full separation of fingers ~ 50-52 days
```
121
Limb organisation in development
Upper limbs - 90 degrees rotation laterally - flexors anterior/ extensors posterior
Lower limbs - 90 degrees rotation medially - flexors posterior/ extensors anterior
122
Hyaline cartilage
Glassy, smooth form of cartilage that helps to reduce friction between the bones
123
Joint capsules
Surround joints
Usually contain supportive ligaments
Lined by synovial membrane
124
Major type of joints
```
Hinge joint
Ball and socket
Saddle joint
Pivot joint
Plane/ gliding
Ellipsoid
```
125
Muscle biomechanics principles
To have an action at a joint, a muscle needs to attach on either side of the joint. A muscle will have an action at every joint it crosses. We need at least one muscle for every possible movement at a joint. How a muscle crosses a joint will determine which action it has at the joint
126
Bone spicules
Small cells laid down in formation of new bone matrix
127
Inferomedial
Nearer the feet and closer the median plane
128
Superolateral
Nearer the head and further from the median plane
129
Bilateral
Paired structures having left and right e.g. kidneys
130
Unilateral
Structures occurring on one side only e.g. spleen
131
Ipsilateral
Occurring on the same side of the body e.g. right thumb and right big toe
132
Contralateral
Occurring in the opposite side of the body e.g. right hand and left hand
133
Palmar vs Dorsal surfaces
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Anterior hand (palm)
Posterior hand (dorsum)
```
Spp to hands and feet
134
Plantar vs Dorsal surfaces
Inferior foot surface (sole)
Superior foot surface (dorsum)
Spp for hands and feet
135
Flexion
Usually brings distal part of joint to anterior part of body e.g. at shoulder, wrist, hip
Exception is at knee and ankle joints, where distal part is brought to the posterior part of the body
136
Extension
Opposite to flexion, muscles straighten out and pull back
137
Extension of hand at wrist
Dorsal surface brought up
138
Flexion of hand at wrist
Palmar surface brought down
139
Flexion and extension of vertebral column at interverbral joints
Bending forward and backwards
140
Abduction
Takes limb away from body and midline
141
Adduction
Adds limb back to body
142
Medial rotation
Brings structures close to midline
143
Medial rotation at hip
Would bring feet inwards
144
Medial rotation at shoulder
Brings wrist to abdomen
145
Lateral rotation
Twists structures out and away from midline
146
Lateral rotation at hip
Feet facing outwards
147
Lateral rotation at shoulder
Brings wrists outwards
148
Supination
Hands out with palms facing up
| Only occurs at elbows (radio-ulnar joints)
149
Pronation
Hands out with palms facing down
| Only occurs at elbows (radio-ulnar joints)
150
Inversion
Turning soles of feet inwards
151
Ankle eversion
Turning soles of the feet outwards
152
Circumduction
Circular movement of lower limb at hip joint
153
Elevation and depression
Lifting shoulders up and down
154
Protrusion and retrusion
Moving mandible forward and backwards
155
Opposition and reposition
Bringing thumb to little finger and back again
156
Sesamoid bone
Develop in certain tendons
| Protect tendons from excessive wear and change angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments
157
Condyle
Rounded articulate area
158
Epicondyle
Eminence superior to condyles
159
Malleolus
Rounded prominence
160
Major regions of lower limbs
```
Gluteal region
Femoral region
Knee region
Leg region
Ankle/ talocrural region
Foot region
```
161
Innervation of anterior thigh
Femoral nerve
