12. Approaches to the Study of Intelligence

Question 1

Componential sub theory/analytic intelligence

Answer 1

In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, an information-processing model of intelligence that includes three types of components; knowledge acquisition, performance, and metacomponents

Question 2

Contextual sub theory/practical intelligence

Answer 2

In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, the idea that intelligence must be viewed in terms of the context in which it occurs

Question 3

Crystallized abilities

Answer 3

In Cattell’s theory of intelligence, intellectual abilities that develop from cultural context and learning experience; contrast with fluid abilities

Question 4

Cultural relativism

Answer 4

The idea that intellectual skills critical for survival in one’s culture may not be important in another

Question 5

Developmental quotient (DQ) tests

Answer 5

A test of infant abilities, such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Question 6

Deviation IQ

Answer 6

Method of constructing IQ scores that compares a child’s performance to that of other children the same age; contrast with mental age

Question 7

Experiential sub theory/creative intelligence

Answer 7

In Sternberg’s theory of successful intelligence, the sub theory concerned with how prior knowledge influences performance, specifically with the individual’s ability to deal with novelty and the degree to which processing is automatized

Question 8

Factor analysis

Answer 8

A statistical technique used to define mental factors by analyzing results from intelligence tests

Question 9

Factors

Answer 9

In psychometric approaches to intelligence, a set of related mental skills (such as verbal or spatial skills) that underlies intellectual functioning

Question 10

Fluid abilities

Answer 10

In Cattell’s theory of intelligence, intellectual abilities that are biologically determined and reflected in tests of memory span and spatial thinking; contrast with crystallized abilities

Question 11

g/Spearman’s g/general intelligence

Answer 11

In psychometric theory, the idea that intelligence can be expressed in terms of a single factor, general intelligence, or g, first formulated by Spearman in the early 1900s

Question 12

Hierarchical model of cognitive abilities

Answer 12

Model proposing that intelligence is composed of specific cognitive abilities (for example, verbal, spatial, speed of processing, memory) that are intercorrelated and influenced by a higher-order general intellectual factor, g

Question 13

Intelligence

Answer 13

Acting or thinking in ways that are goal directed and adaptive

Question 14

Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests

Answer 14

Aptitude tests, such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Scales, intended to measure aspects of intellectual functioning

Question 15

Mental age

Answer 15

Level of mental functioning (in years) as measured by the number of items passed on an intelligence test, formerly used in determining IQ scores; contrast with deviation IQ

Question 16

Positive manifold

Answer 16

In psychometric approaches to intelligence, the high correlations among scores on sets of cognitive tests that have little in common with one another in terms of content or types of strategies used

Question 17

Psychometric (differential) approaches

Answer 17

The theory that intelligence can be described in terms of mental factors and that tests can be constructed that reveal individual differences in the factors underlying mental performance

Question 18

Pygmalion effect

Answer 18

A form of self-fulfilling prophecy, in which a person internalizes the expectations of an authority figure

Question 19

Stanford-Binet

Answer 19

An individually administered IQ test

Question 20

Stereotype threat

Answer 20

Phenomenon in which minority members perform worse on IQ or other tests after being reminded of the negative stereotype concerning their group’s performance on such tests

Question 21

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 21

Gardner’s theory postulating eight (possibly nine) components, or modules, of intelligence: (1) linguistic, (2) logical-mathematical, (3) musical, (4) spatial, (5) bodily-kinesthetic, (6) interpersonal, (7) interpersonal, and (8) naturalistic

Question 22

Theory of successful intelligence/theory of triarchie intelligence

Answer 22

Sternberg’s theory that describes intelligence in terms of three sub theories; contextual, experiential, and componential

Question 23

Wechsler scales

Answer 23

Individually administered IQ tests, including the WPPSI, WISC, and WAIS