B1.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Different types of food uses:

A
  • carbohydratess: energy to move and carry out bodily fu cations I guess
    -proteins: growth and repair of body tissues
    Vitamins minerals to remain healthy
  • LIPIDS; for energy, but can be for insulation and buoyancy like seal.
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2
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

The speed at which your body transfers energy from chemical stores in Food,

the higher the metabolic rate the more food you need to eat.

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3
Q

Carbohydrates and starch + where

What are they too

A

Broken down by CARBOHYDRASE,
- it is a polymer that forms sugar molecules : vary from glucose, fructose lactose etc. Done in SMALL INTESTINE

2) starch broken down by amylase to form glucose. Done in MOUTH. (Remember bread turns sweet if left in mouth.

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4
Q

Proteins + where!

A
  • Proteins are used for growth and repair
  • break down by PROTEASE to form amino acids.
  • Happen in STOMACH
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5
Q

Lipids + what are they used for

A
  • Lipids (which are Fats and Oils) are broken down by LIPASE enzymes to form 3 FATTY acids and a GYCEROL.
  • This means lipids are not polymers as they don’t come from single repeating units.
  • when broken down a solution will become ACIDIC due to fatty acids.
    Broken in small intestine
  • They are used for ENERGY, but some animals use them for insulation and buoyancy
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6
Q

Where are enzymes found

A

All three are produced in the pancreas and small intestine…

CARBOHYDRASE (Amalayse produced in salivary glands in mouth

PROTEASE in the stomach too

Lipids carbohydrates and protein all get BROKEN down in the small intestine, protein as well in the stomach, and carbs in the mouth too (starch).

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8
Q

Test for sugars

A

BENEDICTS REAGENT:
- Reducing : add it to the sugars and heat it up to 75° in a water bath. The solution starts blue, but then should form a different coloured precipitate. (Green, then yellow then orange then red depending on the concentrations of the sugar available).

  • Non- Reducing : add dilute HCL acid in and heat again to 75 in water bath. Then add SODIUM HYDROGEN carbonate to neutralise. Finally do the experiment like normal.
  • reducing = sugars help by a few units so glucose or maltose
  • non reducing sugars: sucrose
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9
Q

Starch

A

If starch is present the sample changes from orange brown to blue Hal Ketchum. If no starch it remains orange brown

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10
Q

Protein

Danger?

A

BIURET TEST: 1) add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to make it alkaline solution

2) then add some copper(II) Sulfate which is BRIGHT BLUE.
- if there is protein, the solution will become purple.
If there is no protein it will stay blue.

CAREFUL= copper sulfste harmful and sodium hydroxide at certain conc is IRRITANT

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11
Q

Lipids

A

EMULSION TEST:

1) shake the substance with ethanol for a minute until it dissolves,
2) pour the solution into water
- if lipids are present then a milky emulsion should be apparent. The more lipids, the more milky the colour is…

Be careful, ethanol highly flammable and harmful!!!
(Remember emulsion is when liquids don’t dissolve into each other).

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12
Q

What is respiration?

Why is energy stored as atp?

A

Reparation is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose. This is tired in molecules called ATP. (Other molecules proteins or lipids can be used as substrate too…). Energy is stored in ATP so it can be transferred around body.

Glucose + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water + (ATP)

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

Exothermic reaction.

Aerobic

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13
Q

What is ATP used for?

WHAT PRICESS NEEDS IT!

A
  • Synthesis large molecules from small ones (grow)
  • For movement, ATP is used in Lang’s to contract and relax muscles
  • To stay warm- respiration is exothermic reaction, when organism cold, increase rate of respiration - transfer more energy to keep body warm
  • to be used as protein pumps in active transport
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14
Q

Aerobic vs anaerobic ?

A

Aerobic respiration- transfers 32 (or 38)molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. COMPLETE breakdown of glucose with oxygen

A aerobic - transfers 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule, but oxygen not needed .

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15
Q

Where does respiration occur in animals?

A

Mitochondria in both plants and animals, however where more ATP is needed (such as muscles and the liver) there is more mitochondria then say the pancreas. This chemical reaction is controlled by an ENZYME.

Also a lot of mitochondria in sperm cells so they can move in flagella.

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16
Q

Why anaerobic respiration and what is it? What are effects of lactic acid?

A

Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen to form lactic acid and (ATP).

During intense exercise, you heart increased its rate and your breathing rate increase to supply cells with enough glucose and oxygen to cope. However, in strenuous exercise your heart cannot increase enough to meet the demand. Therefore anaerobic respiration is used. Energy is given for now.

Build up of Lactic acid in muscles causes fatigue and is toxic, therefore the body must lose it. It does this by taking in excess oxygen to oxidise the lactic acid to form carbon dioxide and water. This is called oxygen debt, and is why you keep breathing even after you stop exercising.

Therefore body prefers aerobic as it transfers more energy and now lactic acid made which leads to fatigue.

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17
Q

(LEARN THIS)Anaerobic respiration in plants or microorganisms

A

This is also called fermentation

Glucose= ethanol and carbon dioxide

6H12O6 = 2 CH5OH + 2CO2

Takes place say in roots of plants or waterlogged plants, or yeast

18
Q

How to test enzyme activity?
What wring with iodine and what form should enxymes be in?
Rate of reaction in first (1/x)

2,
First is with starch second hydrogen peroxide

A

1) amaykase catalysts starch into maltose. Here you can Test for dtsrch ti See if the enzyme has catalysed everything depending on continents set.
2) on spotting tiles place drops of iodine
3) put amalayse with starch in a BLILING TUBE in a. water bath for example, then every ten seconds check to see if starch and add to iodine on spotting tile , then check
- when it stops changing and starch gone it stay Orange brown, here you stop
4) change other conditions to experiment
5) to better it use colorimeter, a piece of equipment that measures strength if coloured solution so emsudements aren’t perspective based

INDEPENDENT IN X AXIS
Iodine stains hands and materials
Enzymes should be in LIQUID form to avoid dust

Second way

1) catalyse (potato) catalysts the hydrogen oeridide into water and oxygen.
2) therefore add hydrogen peroxide into boiling tube, add potato and quickly bunt it with delivery tube into either gas shreinge or upturned ,enduring cylinders.
3) change conditijs, snd rate of resction is amount of oxygen produced in time, so produce / second s