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Yr 6 PACES knowledge COPY RJ Challenger > Resp > Flashcards

Resp Flashcards

1
Q

Evidence of specific cause of Pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • RA: Boutonnières, swan neck, nodules
  • Systemic sclerosis: sclerodactyly, telangiectasia, microstomia
  • SLE: malar rash, discoid rash
  • Sarcoidosis: erythema nodosum
  • Radiation: tattoos on chest
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2
Q

Causes of pulmonary fibrosis

A
  • Idiopathic
  • Rheumatology - RA, SLE, SS, Sjrogren’s
  • Sarcoidosis
  • EAA: moulds, avian proteins
  • Occupational exposure: coal, asbestos, silica
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3
Q

3 drugs which cause pulmonary fibrosis

A

Methotrexate
Amiodarone
Bleomycin

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4
Q

3 bedside tests for suspected pulmonary fibrosis

A

PEFR
Spirometry
ECG (RV hypertrophy)

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5
Q

Bloods for suspected pulmonary fibrosis

A 
FBC 
ABG
ESR, CRP
ANA (in IPF)
RhF and antiCCP (in RA)
ACE and Ca (in sarcoid)
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6
Q

Mx of pulmonary fibrosis

A

If acute exacerbation: Oral prednisolone

Conservative: smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation

Medical:
Antifibrotic therapy: pirfenidone
Steroids for Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis, sarcoid, Connective Tissue Diseases

Surgical: lung transplant

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7
Q

Signs of pneumonectomy/lobectomy

A

Tracheal shift towards abnormal side

  • Reduced expansion
  • Dull percussion
  • No BS
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8
Q

Differentials for an oblique scar on lateral/posterior chest wall

A
  • Lobectomy
  • Pneumonectomy
  • Thoracotomy: biopsy, empyema, abscess
  • Transplant
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9
Q

Indications for lobectomy/pneumonectomy

A

90% bronchogenic carcinoma

  • Bronchiectasis
  • COPD: lung reduction surgery
  • TB: historic, upper lobe
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10
Q

Pathology classification of lung cancer

A

NSCLC and SCLC

SQCC: bronchogenic, smoking, PTHrP + hypercalcemia

ADENOCARCINOMA: peripheral, late presentation (mets), non-smokers + women

SCLC: poor prognosis, late presentation, smokers (Cushings)

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11
Q

Complications of lung cancer

A

Local:

  • Brachial plexus –> Horner’s syndrome
  • SVCO
  • Recurrent laryng nerve
  • Phrenic nerve

Paraneoplastic:

  • PTHrP –> Ca
  • SIADH –> hyponatremia
  • ACTH –> Cushings

Derm: acanthuses nigricans

Mets:

  • Bone pain
  • Liver failure
  • Confusion, fits, focal neurology
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12
Q

Ix in lung cancer

A

Bloods: FBC, U+Es (Na), LFTs (mets), bone profile (PTH, Ca)

Imaging:
CXR
Volumetric CT
PET scan - mets

Histology: percutaneous FNA or transbronchial biopsy for grading

Thoracoscopy + LN sampling

Pulmonary function tests (assess fitness for surgery)

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13
Q

Mx of lung cancer

A

Conservative:
Smoking cessation
Pulmonary rehabilitation
PTOT

Medical:
Chemotherapy + radiotherapy
(Eg SCLC: Cisplatin + Etoposide)
(NSCLC: same, if surgery not viable)

Surgical:
If no metastatic spread!

Palliative care:

  • Analgesia
  • Radiotherapy - for haemoptysis, bone or CNS mets
  • If persistent effusions - pleurodesis
  • SVCO: radiotherapy + IV dexamethasone
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14
Q

Old management of TB

A
  • Thoracoplasty (rib removal)
  • Plombage (polystyrene balls in thoracic cavity)
  • Phrenic nerve crush (diaphragm weakness)
  • Apical lobectom
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15
Q

Current Mx of TB - what MUST be done before starting treatment

A

Rifampacin, Isoniazid, Pyridoxie and Ethambutol
for 2 months
Then just Rifampacin and IsoniazidI for a further 4 months
(- coadminster pyridoxine w isoniazid)

Before treatment, asses:
- LFTs + visual acuity + colour vision testing

Rifampacin
Isoniazid
Pyridoxine
Ethambutol

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16
Q

Side effects of TB treatment

A

Rifampicin: orange urine, cyp450 induction
Isoniazid: Peripheral neuropathy
Pyrazinamide: hepatitis
Ethambutol: optic neuritis!! (loss of colour)

////
Ethambutol: Eyes affected
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17
Q

Features of latent TB

A

Pt is infected but no clinical Sx or CXR features

- Non infectious!

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18
Q

Pathophysiology of primary TB infection

A

TB grows in pleura = Ghon focus
TB spreads to LNs:
Lung lesion + LNs = Ghon complex

Most people’s immune system controls the infection: fibrosis of Ghon focus –> calcified nodule

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19
Q

Diagnosis of latent vs active TB

A

Latent: tuberculin skin test, if +ve do IGRA

Active: CXR + 3 sputum samples.

  • Culture in Lowenstein Jensen media = GOLD STANDARD
  • Microscopy w Ziehl-Neelsen stain
20
Q

What is the initial screening test for latent TB? what are the cons of this?

A

Tuberculin skin test: inject purified protein + observe induration @ 48-72hours

tests +ve if BCG, other mycobacteria :(
also tests -ve if HIV, sarcoid, lymphoma :(

21
Q

Causes of a cavitating lung lesion

A

Infection: TB, Staph, Klebsiella
Rheumatoid nodules
Malignancy: SqCC

22
Q

pulmonary fibrosis - upper lobe causes?

Lower lobe causes?

A 
Upper:
Aspergillus
Coal, silica
EAA - bird fanciers lung
TB
Lower:
Sarcoidosis
Toxins (methotrexate, bleomycin, amiodarone)
Asbestosis
Idiopathic
Rheum: SLE, SS, RA
Silicosis
23
Q

Drugs which cause pulmonary fibrosis

A

Bleomycin
Amiodarone
Nitrofurantoin
Methotrexate

24
Q

Findings O/E of bronchiectasis

DDx

A

Clubbing
Dull percussion note
Bilateral coarse crackles - may CHANGE W COUGH

Ddx: CHF, Bilateral pleural effusion

25
Q

Define bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilated bronchi secondary to damage of elastic + muscular layers of bronchial wall

26
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis

A

1 cause = severe childhood LRTI (due to immunodeficiency)

  • Congenital: CF, Kartageners
  • Infectious: TB, pertussis
  • Associated: RA, UC, ABPA
  • OBSTRUCTION = cancer
27
Q

Ix in ?bronchiectasis

A

Sputum MC+S + cytology
Bloods: FBC, CRP, autoantibdoes, aspergillus
CXR: tram track opacifications, ring lesions
CT chest: signet ring (thickens bronchus = adjacent vascular bundle)

SPIROMETRY = OBSTRUCTIVE

28
Q

Mx of bronchiectasis

A

Conservative:
Smoking cessation
Pulmonary rehab
Chest physio

Medical:
Salbutamol inhaler
Prophylactic abx against pseudomonas (Eg Co-Amox)
Vaccine = pneumococcal, flu

Surgical: lung transplant

29
Q

Stoma + bilateral coarse crackles

A

probs UC w bronchiectasis

30
Q

COPD - findings O/E

A 
Hands: salbutamol tremor
CO2 flap
Chest:
Barrel chest
Accessory muscle breathing
Cachectic
Hyper resonant PN 
Reduced expansion
Auscultation...?
31
Q

Ix for ?COPD

A 
PEFR
Spirometry
Basic Obs
Sputum MC+S
Bloods: FBC, ABG, CRP
CXR
ECG
32
Q

Medical Mx of COPD

A

Depends on severity

  • SABA PRN
  • LAMA (Tiotropium) or LABA (Salmeterol)
  • LABA + LAMA
  • LABA + ICS (fluticasone) + LAMA
  • Theophylline (Alt Bronchodilator)

Home O2

Follow up every 6 months (6 if mild and stable, 1 if sever)

33
Q

Mx of COPD exacerbation

A 
Airway: patent?
Breathing: oxygen via venturi mask
ABG
CXR
Circulation: bloods (FBC, CRP, U+Es, LFTs, glucose, BCs if pyrexial), give maintenance fluids
34
Q

Mx of COPD exacerbation

A

Airway: patent?
Breathing: oxygen via venturi mask. Target Sats: 88-92
ABG
CXR
Circulation: bloods (FBC, CRP, U+Es, LFTs, glucose, BCs if pyrexial), give maintenance fluids

Salbutamol + ipatropium nebs
Oral pred +/- IV hydrocortisone

If no response –> NIV

35
Q

Useful drug for smoking cessation

A

Varenicicline

36
Q

Pneumothorax mx (no underlying lung disease)

A

-If >2cm/SOB –> aspiration with 16-18G Cannula
-Alternatively consider chest drain (Usually if secondary).
Insertion Seldinger tube into safe triangle.

If no SOB and <2cm –> 10L O2 and observe

////////////////////////////////////////
Safe triangle is within the lateral edge of pectoralis major, lateral edge of latissimus dorsi, base of axilla and 5th intercostal space).
37
Q

pneumothorax mx in >50yo or underlying lung disease

A

SOB>2cm –> chest drain
1-2cm –> aspirate
<1cm –> 10L O2 + admit 24 hours

38
Q

Tension Pneumothorax Mx?

A

Call the crash team.
Immediate decompression
Insert a 16-18G Cannula into the 2nd intercostal space, mid clavicular line.

39
Q

Asthma Mx?

A

Conservative: none
Medical:
SABA (Eg Salbutamol) PRN
Then + Low dose ICS (Eg Beclometasone)
Then + Leukotriene receptor Antagonist (Eg Montelukast)
Then +Consider SAMA (Ipratropium Brimide)

Then + Increase dose of ICS
Then +Consider LAMA (Eg Triotropium)

40
Q

Pneumonia Mx?

A 
Assess using CURB-65 score
Confusion? (+1)
Urea >19? (+1)
RR >30? (+1)
BP <90/60? (+1)
65 or older? (+1)

High severity (3-4):
Urgent Hospital admission and emprical Abx:
IV benzylpenicillin or oral amoxicillin. Oral clarithromycin if penicillin allergy.

Medium Severity (1-2):
Hospital admission
\+Abx
Low severity (0):
Didscharge with Empiral Abx: as above.
41
Q

Cystic Fibrosis Mx?

A

Conservative:
Counselling on the condition and complications
Chest physiotherapy

Medical:
Inhaled Bronchodilator PRN
Inhaled Mucolytic (Dornase Alfa and Hypertonic Saline)
Tobramycin (Antibiotic for Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
Anti inflammatory (Eg Ibuprofen or macrolide)
Treat co-morbidities (Eg Pneumonia or Acute Asthma)
+Inhaled corticosteroid
+CFTR modulator (ivacaftor)
Surgical:
Lung transplant

42
Q

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis Mx?

A

Conservative: Avoidance of allergen
Medical:
Short term: Prednisolone
Consider long term low dose corticosteroid (Prednisolone)

43
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Mx?

A

Initial
Oxygen, Target sats 94-98%
Fluid resuscitation with Hartmaan’s Solution
Ix: Wells Score + D-Dimer

Acute
Medical
Unfractionated Heparin

(If still haemodynamically unstable )+Thrombolysis

Surgical:
Surgical Embolectomy or percutaneous catheter directed treatment.

Ongoing
Long term anticoagulation (LMWH or DOAC or Warfarin).

44
Q

//Presentation for (Pulmonary Fibrosis). Differentials? Most likely diagnosis?

A

-

45
Q

//Presentation for (COPD). Differentials? Most likely diagnosis?

A

-

46
Q

//Presentation for (Lung cancer X). Differentials? Most likely diagnosis?

A

-

47
Q

//Presentation for (TB). Differentials? Most likely diagnosis?

A

-

Yr 6 PACES knowledge COPY RJ Challenger (16 decks)

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