Kap 7 Kompressorer Flashcards

1
Q

What are dynamic compressors?

A

The dynamic compressor is continuous flow compressor is characterized by
rotating impeller to add velocity and thus pressure to fluid.
It is widely used in chemical and petroleum refinery industry for specific
services.
There are two types of dynamic compressors
 Centrifugal Compressor
 Axial Flow Compressor

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2
Q

What is a positive displacement compressor?

A
Positive displacement
compressors draw in and capture a
volume of air in a chamber. They then
reduce the volume of the chamber to
compress the air. Reciprocating
Piston Compressors, Rotary
ScrewCompressors, Rotary
Vane Compressors, and
Scroll Compressors are all positive
displacement compressors.
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3
Q

What is a rotary screw compressor?

A
A rotary-screw compressor is a type of
gas compressor, such as an air
compressor, that uses a rotary-type
positive-displacement mechanism.
They are commonly used to
replace piston compressors where large
volumes of high-pressure air are needed,
either for large industrial applications or
to operate high-power air tools.
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4
Q

What is a reciprocating compressor?

A
A reciprocating
compressor or piston
compressoris a positivedisplacement
compressor that
uses pistons driven by a
crankshaft to deliver gases at
high pressure.
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5
Q

What is an axial compressor?

A

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes
called radial compressors, are a subclass
of dynamic axisymmetric workabsorbing
turbomachinery. They achieve a
pressure rise by adding kinetic
energy/velocity to a continuous flow of fluid
through the rotor or impeller.
An axial compressor is a gas compressor
that can continuously pressurize gases. It
is a rotating, airfoil-based compressor in
which the gas or working fluid principally
flows parallel to the axis of rotation, or
axially.

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6
Q

What is a centrifugal compressor?

A

Centrifugal compressors, sometimes
called radial compressors, are a subclass
of dynamic axisymmetric workabsorbing
turbomachinery.
The defining characteristic of centrifugal
compressors is that head is determined
by the volume flow through the unit.
In the case of an axial-inlet centrifugal
compressor, an appropriate length of
pipe serves to smooth the flow of gas
into the eye of the first impeller

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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of reciprocating compressors?

A
Advantages
• Simple in design
• Lower initial cost
• Easy to install
• Higher effeiciency
Disadvantages
Number of moving parts are
more
• Higher maintenance cost
• Heavy foundation is required
as it has vibration problem
• Cannot run at full capacity
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8
Q

What is a radial kompressor?

A

Radialkompressorer karakteriseras av att gasströmmens riktning i
löphjulet är i huvudsak radiell, och, liksom vid pumpar och fläktar,
utåtriktad. Inåtriktat flöde i skovelhjulet är teoretiskt möjligt.
Kompressorer med inställbara ledskenor vid inloppet har högre
dellastverkningsgrad och bredare stabilt belastningsområde.
Självsmörjande lager i ledskenornas reglermekanism förebygger
kontaminering av processgasen.

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9
Q

What is an axial flow compressor?

A

Working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation.
• The energy level of air or gas flowing through it is increased by the
action of the rotor blades which exert a torque on the fluid
•Have the benefits of high efficiency and large mass flow rate
•Require several rows of airfoils to achieve large pressure rises
making them complex and expensive

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10
Q

What is a centrifugal compressor?

A

Achieves compression by applying inertial forces to the gas by means of
rotating impellers.
•It is multiple stage ; each stage consists of an impeller as the rotating element
and the stationary element, i.e. diffuser
• Fluid flow enters the impeller axially and discharged radially
• The gas next flows through a circular chamber (diffuser), where it loses
velocity and increases pressure.

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11
Q

What is an isoterma kompressorer?

A

Praktiskt taget alla “isoterma” kompressorer är
därför av radialtyp.
I radialkompressorer kan kylningen vara intern.
Den ordnas så att skiljeväggarna mellan två
steg görs dubbelväggiga. I mellanrummet
tillförs kylmediet, oftast vatten.
Extern kylning är betydligt effektivare än
intern. Den tillämpas därför oftast, trots att den
kräver större utrymme.
Kylmediet är oftast vatten, som har en mycket
högre värmeövergångskoefficient än luft.
Kompressorskovlarna görs ofta av rostfritt stål
för att minska korrosionsangreppen. Vid behov
installeras torkningsutrustning för stillestånd

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12
Q

Explain tätningar

A

Labyrinttätningar är kon taktfria tätningar, dvs de tätande ytorna
berör ej varandra. Det innebär att i spalten mellan tätningsytorna
det alltid uppstår ett visst läckage.
Läckagemängden minimeras genom att gasströmmen stryps av
lämpligt utformade tätkanter, jämför figur 7.4-1. Spalten mellan
tätningskant och hus är minsta möjliga.
Tätningskanterna, av tunn plåt, diktas i spår i rotorn.
Vid eventuell kontakt med huset slits tätningskanterna snabbt, utan
nämnvärd värmeutveckling som kan förorsaka deformationer.
Lämplig tätningsgas leds till någon punkt i den centrala delen av
tätningspaketet.

I tätningar med flytande ringar, figur 7.4-2, pressas dessa ifrån
varandra av spiralfjädrar, den ena ringen mot tätningshusets
gassida, den andra mot atmosfärsidan.
Ringarna kan fritt följa med axelns radiella förskjutningar i
förhållande till huset.
Tätningsolja tillförs med ett tryck, som är något högre (0,5 till 1
bar) än gastrycket i kompressorn.

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13
Q

What is a kolvkompressor?

A

Kolvkompressorer karakteriseras av
‐ pulserande gasflöde
‐ lågfrekventa vibrationer i fundamentet
‐ hög smörjoljeförbrukning.
Med jämförbara kylsystem är totalverkningsgraden för
kolvkompressorer högre än för lamell- och skruvkompressorer.
Denna fördel upphävs oftast av kolvkompressorns högre
kostnader för underhåll och reservdelar.

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14
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal dynamic compressors?

A
Advantages
Wide operating range
•High reliability
•Low Maintenance
Disadvantages:
•Instability at reduced flow
•Sensitive to gas composition
change
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15
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of axial dynamic compressors?

A
Advantages:
•High Capacity for given
size
•High efficiency
•Heavy duty
•Low maintenance
Disadvantages:
•Low Compression ratios
•Limited turndown
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16
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a reciprocating positive displacement compressor?

A
Advantages:
•Wide pressure ratios
•High efficiency
Disadvantages:
•Heavy foundation required
•Flow pulsation
•High maintenance
17
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a diaphragm positive displacement compressor?

A
Advantages:
•Very high pressure
•Low flow
•No moving seal
Disadvantages:
•Limited capacity range
•Periodic replacement of
diaphragm
18
Q

What are the advtanges and disadvantages of a screw positive displacement compressor?

A
Advantages:
•Wide application
•High efficiency
•High pressure ratio
Disadvantages:
Expensive
•Unsuitable for corrosive or dirty
gases
19
Q

What is considered in the selection of compressors?

A
Selection of air compressor for given
application is governed by several factors as
below
 Pressure
 Flow rates or capacity
 Geometry of cylinder
 Speed of piston
 The layout of pipe line, system requirement
and the distance of user machine from
compressor plant
20
Q

What are the egenskaper of turbokompressorer?

A

lämpliga för stora gasflöden
‐ liten smörjolje- och kylvattenförbrukning
‐ låga underhållskostnader
‐ stor verkningsgradsförsämring vid låg belastning
‐ de vanligen höga varvtalen (upp till 100 000 v/min) gör dem
lämpliga för direktkoppling till gas- eller ångturbin