Chapter 15

Question 1

The urinary system filters wastes from the blood. What is exactly been filtered from the blood?

Answer 1

urine

Question 2

What does the urinary system excrete?

Answer 2

water
nitrogenous
other solute wastes

Question 3

Amino acid is converted to —- which is converted to —— which is filtered out by —– to urine.

Answer 3

ammonia
urea
kidneys

Question 4

What acid is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

Answer 4

Uric acid

Question 5

Urinary system removes excess water and what other?

Answer 5

sodium , chloride, potassium, calcium, hydrogen ions

water soluble vitamins (vitamin c)

Question 6

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Answer 6

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 7

What do the kidneys include?

Answer 7

cortex
medulla
renal pelvis

Question 8

Which organ of the urinary system transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder?

Answer 8

ureters

Question 9

Which organ stores urine? how many ml? who can store more, men or women? why?

Answer 9

urinary bladder
up to 600-1000ml
men store more
because no uterus

Question 10

Which organ carries the urine from body and has two sphincters to control flow? What are the sphincters made of?

Answer 10

urethra

made of smooth muscle and other one from skeletal muscle

Question 11

Women that have SHORTER urethra suffer from what?

Answer 11

more bladder infections

Question 12

How many liters of blood fluid enter nephrons daily?

Answer 12

180 liters

Question 13

What are the 3 steps that occur at the nephron?

Answer 13

filtration
reabsorption
tubular secretion

Question 14

Blood to be filtered enters the kidneys via the ———.

Answer 14

renal artery

Question 15

Renal artery branches into many ———- arterioles, each of which has one ———.

Answer 15

afferent

glomerulus

Question 16

At the beginning of filtration, blood pressure at the glomerulus is very low or very high?

Answer 16

very high

Question 17

Blood fluid is squeezed out. of the glomerulus into the ————–.

Answer 17

glomerular capsule (start of the nephron)

Question 18

What cannot be squeezed out of the glomerulus?

Answer 18

large items in blood like red blood cells, white blood cells, large proteins

Question 19

Many things that were squeezed out at the glomerulus are then reabsorbed by the —————–

Answer 19

peritubular capillaries

Question 20

Name the things that are squeezed out of glomerulus and reabsorbed by the peritubular capillaries. Mention percentages if needed.

Answer 20

All: amino acids, glucose, bicarbonate ions
99%: water, sodium, chloride ions
93%: potassium ion

Question 21

Tubular reabsorption: returns —– and needed —— that were squeezed out of glomerulus back to blood

Answer 21

water

solutes

Question 22

Mention how each of sodium , chloride, and water diffuse.

Answer 22

Sodium by active transport (low concentration of sodium in tubule cells–> sodium diffuses in)
Chloride passively accompanies sodium
water diffuses by osmosis

Question 23

High sodium diets cause?

Answer 23

high blood pressure

Question 24

Greater retention of water in blood vessels causes?

Answer 24

higher blood pressure

Question 25

Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries —- into the nephron

Answer 25

back

Question 26

the kidneys play a key role in ?

Answer 26

regulating the body’s pH

Question 27

Certain substances actively or passively move from the peritubular capillaries back into the nephron Include:

Answer 27

penicillin, some pesticides, some preservatives, hydrogen ions, urea, ammonium, potassium ions, cocaine, marijuana

Question 28

the filtered blood leaves via the ———–.

Answer 28

renal vein

Question 29

Urine can be ?

Answer 29

diluted or concentrated

Question 30

Which hormone influences permeability of the collecting dust and distal tubule?

Answer 30

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 31

More ADH –> permeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water retained by kidneys –>?

Answer 31

concentrated urine

Question 32

Less ADH –> impermeable collecting duct / distal tubule –> more water lost from kidneys –>?

Answer 32

dilute urine

Question 33

What does alcohol do to ADH?

Answer 33

interferes with ADH secretion meaning more water loss

Question 34

What does caffeine do?

Answer 34

interferes with sodium reabsorption meaning more water loss.

Question 35

Diuretics promote water —- (through urination), and may be useful in treating —- blood pressure

Answer 35

loss

high

Question 36

Which muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made of?

Answer 36

smooth muscle

Question 37

Which muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of? Is it under conscious or unconscious control?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle

under our conscious control

Question 38

Which sphincter do the stretch receptors relax when there are high amounts of urine?

Answer 38

internal urethral sphincter

Question 39

In kidney stones, what are the excess mineral that crystallize in renal pelvis and may block ureters?

Answer 39

uric acid
calcium
magnesium

Question 40

Kidney stones is especially painful to men or women?

Answer 40

men

Question 41

What can prevent kidney stones?

Answer 41

drinking lots of water

Question 42

What are the treatments of kidney stones in past and present?

Answer 42

past: surgery
present: ultrasound lithotripsy

Question 43

Kidney failure is when? and is due to

Answer 43

not enough nephrons working due to high blood pressure and diabetes

Question 44

What are therapies of kidney failure?

Answer 44

dialysis

kidney transplant

Question 45

What can help with urinary tract infections?

Answer 45

antibiotics and drinking acidic juices

Question 46

In urinary tract infections, what enter the urethra and can extend up the urinary tract up to the kidneys?

Answer 46

bacteria