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Year 2 ABCP > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior cranial fossae

A

anterior border = frontal bone

posterior border = lesser wing of sphenoid bone

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2
Q

what are the borders of the middle cranial fossae

A 
anterior = lesser wing of sphenoid bone
lateral = squamous part of temporal bone
posterior = dorm sella
posterior = patris part of temporal bone
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3
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior cranial fossae

A

anterior = dorm sella
petrous part of temporal antrolaterally
occipital posteriorly

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4
Q

what are the functions of cranial nerves

A

• Sensory (afferent) fibres transmitting general sensation
• Sensory fibres transmitting sensation from organs
• Sensory fibres transmitting unique sensations such as
taste and smell

• Motor (efferent) fibres to striated muscle
• Motor fibres that are involved with the innervation of
glands and smooth muscle

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5
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
CN I = Olfactory nerve
CN II = Optic n
CN III = Oculomotor n
CN IV = Trochlear n
CN V = Trigeminal n
- Ophthalmic division (CNVa)
- Maxillary division (CNVb)
- Mandibular division (CNVc)
CN VI = Abducent n
CN VII = facial n
VIII = Vestibulocochlear n
CN IX = Glossopharyngeal n
CN X = Vagus n
CN XI = Accessory n
CN XII = Hypoglossal n
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6
Q

Describe the location of the cranial nerve nuclei

A

Each of the cranial nerves has a collection of cell bodies known as cranial nerve nuclei

The cranial nerve nuclei of CNI are located within the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity

The cranial nerve nuclei of CNII are located within the retina

The cranial nerve nuclei of CNIII – CNXII are located within the brainstem

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7
Q

what nerves travel through the cavernous sinuses

A 
oculomotor nerve - CN III
Trochlear nerve CN IV
Abducent nerve CN VI
Ophthalmic nerve CN Va
Maxillary nerve CN Vb
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8
Q

what nerve passes through the cribriform foramina

A

CN I - olfactory n

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9
Q

what nerve passes through the optic canal

A

CN II - optic nerve

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10
Q

what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

CN III - oculomotor n
CN IV - trochlear n
CN Va - ophthalmic n
CN VI - abducent n

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11
Q

what nerve passes through the foramen rotundum

A

CN Vb - maxillary n

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12
Q

what nerve passes through the foramen ovale

A

CN Vc - mandibular n

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13
Q

what nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII - facial n

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear n

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14
Q

what nerves pass through the jugular foramen

A

CN IX - glossopharyngeal n
CN X - vagus n
CN XI - spinal accessory n

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15
Q

what nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII - hypoglossal

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16
Q

name the roof, flood, medial and lateral walls of the orbit

A 
roof = frontal bone
medial = maxilla, lacrimal and ethmoid and small part of lesser wing of sphenoid - thinnest of all of the walls
lateral = zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid
floor = zygomatic and maxilla
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17
Q

what nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

oculomotor nerve (CN III), trochlear nerve (CN IV), and abducent nerve (CN VI).

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18
Q 
Levator palpebrae superioris:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

lesser wing of sphenoid bone
skin of upper eyelid
oculomotor nerve - CN III
elevates superior eyelid

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19
Q 
Superior oblique:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

body of sphenoid
tendon passes through a fibrous ring or trochlea, changes its direction, and inserts into sclera deep to superior rectus muscle
trochlear nerve - CN IV
abducts depresses and medially rotates eyeball

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20
Q 
Inferior oblique:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

anterior part of floor of orbit
sclera deep to lateral rectus muscle
oculomotor nerve - CN III
abducts elevates and laterally rotates the eyeball

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21
Q 
Superior rectus
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

common tendinous ring
sclera just posterior to corneaoscleral junction
oculomotor nerve CN III
elevates adducts and rotates eyeball medially

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22
Q 
Inferior rectus:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

common tendinous ring
sclera just posterior to corneoscleral junction
oculomotor nerve CN III
depresses, adducts and rotates eyeball laterally

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23
Q 
Medial rectus:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

Common tendinous ring
Sclera just posterior to corneoscleral junction
oculomotor nerve CN III
adducts eyeball

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24
Q 
Lateral rectus:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A

Common tendinous ring
Sclera just posterior to corneoscleral junction
abducent nerve CN VI
Abducts eyeball

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25
Q

describe the innervation of the extra ocular muscles

A

LR6
SO4
REM3

Lateral rectus = 6th = abducent

Superior oblique = 4th = trochlear

Remainder = 3rd = oculomotor

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26
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve (CNVII)

A

Branches of CNVII supplying mm of facial expression:

  • Temporal
  • Zygomatic
  • Buccal
  • Mandibular
  • Cervical
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27
Q

name the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve CNV

A 
CNVa = ophthalmic division
CNVb = Maxillary division
CNVc = mandibular division
28
Q

name the branches of the ophthalmic division if CNV - name any of their branches

A

frontal:

  • supraorbital n
  • supratrochlear n

nasociliary:

  • anterior ethmoid n. branching into external nasal n.
  • posterior ethmoid n.
  • infratrochlear n.

lacrimal

29
Q

name the branches of the frontal n.

A

supraorbital n

supratrochlear n

30
Q

name the branches of the nasociliary n

A

anterior ethmoidal n. branching into external nasal n.
posterior ethmoid n.
infratrochlear n.

31
Q

name the branches of the maxillary division of CNV

A

zygomaticotemporal n
zygomaticofacial n
infraorbital n

32
Q

name the branches of the anterior and posterior divisions of the main trunk of the mandibular division of CNV

A

Anterior:

  • Buccal n.
  • lateral pterygoid n.
  • deep temporal n.
  • masseteric n.

posterior:

  • auriculotemporal n.
  • lingual n.
  • inferior alveolar n. - splits into mylohyoid n. and mental n.
33
Q

name the branches of the external carotid artery

A
  • Superficial temporal artery
  • Maxillary artery
  • Superior thyroid artery
  • Lingual artery
  • Facial artery
  • Occipital artery
  • Posterior auricular artery
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
34
Q

what nerve runs through the mandibular foramen

A

interior alveolar nerve

35
Q

what nerve passes through the mylohyoid groove

A

mylohyoid nerve

36
Q

what type of joint is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ)

A

modified hinge type of synovial joint

37
Q

what are the articular surfaces of the TMJ

A

The articular surfaces of the joint are:
- the condyle/head of mandible
and
- the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

38
Q

where does the stylomandibular ligament attach

A

from the styloid process to the inner aspect of the angle of the mandible

39
Q

where does the sphenomandibular ligament attach

A

The sphenomandibular ligament attaches to the sphenoid bone and to the mandible.

40
Q

what movements occur ash the TMJ

A
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Protraction (protrusion)
  • Retraction (retrusion)
  • Lateral deviation (to the right and left)
41
Q

what are the four muscles of mastication

A
  • Temporalis muscle
  • Masseter muscle
  • Medial pterygoid muscle
  • Lateral pterygoid muscle
42
Q

name or origin and insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle ( the upper and lower heads)

name its function

A

Upper head:

  • origin = greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • insertion = TMJ and into the articular disc

Lower head:

  • origin = lateral aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate
  • insertion = neck of the mandible

function = depress mandible (opening mouth)

43
Q

name or origin and insertion of the medial pterygoid muscle ( the superficial and deep heads)

name its function

A

superficial:
- origin = tuberosity of the maxilla

deep:
- origin = medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate

Both converge and insert onto the inner aspect of the rams and angle of the mandible

function = elevate mandible (closing mouth)

44
Q

name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Palatoglossus m.
  • Hyoglossus m.
  • Styloglossus m.
  • Genioglossus m.
45
Q

what is the arterial supply and venous drainage of the tongue

A

Arterial supply to the tongue is provided by the lingual artery – a branch of the external carotid artery.

Venous blood from the tongue drains into the lingual veins – these veins drain into the internal jugular vein.

46
Q

what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate

A

Styloglossus m. Hyoglossus m. Genioglossus m.

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue

47
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve mediate

A

Special/taste sensation to the posterior one third of the tongue

General sensation to the posterior one third of the tongue

48
Q

what does the LINGUAL NERVE

mediate

A

Special/taste sensation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani

General sensation to the anterior two thirds of the tongue

49
Q

name the paired and unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

The unpaired laryngeal cartilages are: the thyroid
cartilage, cricoid cartilage and epiglottis

The paired cartilages are: arytenoid, corniculate
and cuneiform cartilages

50
Q

what are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Lower border of the body of the mandible

Midline (jugular notch to chin)

Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

51
Q

name the four supra hyoid muscles

A
  • Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric muscle - both
    muscle bellies are connected by an intermediate
    tendon.
  • Mylohyoid muscle
  • Geniohyoid muscle
  • Stylohyoid muscle
52
Q

name the infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Sternohyoid muscle
  • Sternothyroid muscle
  • Thyrohyoid muscle
  • Omohyoid muscle: this muscle has a superior belly and an inferior belly. Both muscle bellies are connected by an intermediate tendon.
53
Q

where do the occipital lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Receive lymph from the occipital region of the scalp and posterior neck

54
Q

where do the mastoid lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Receive lymph from the
postero-lateral half of the
scalp

55
Q

where do the pre-auricular and parotid lymph nodes receive lymph from

A 
Anterior auricle 
Antero-lateral region of scalp
Upper half of face
Eyelids 
Lateral region of cheek
56
Q

where do the submandibular lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Structures located along the path of the facial artery
The majority of the external nose
Medial region of cheek

Gingivae (gums)
Teeth
Tongue

Upper lip
Lateral parts of lower lip

57
Q

where do the submental lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

Central region of the lower lip
Chin region

Floor of the mouth
Lower incisors
Tip of the tongue

58
Q

where do the deep cervical lymph nodes receive lymph from

A

The deep cervical lymph nodes are located along the internal jugular vein.

Lymph from the pre-auricular and parotid, submandibular and submental lymph nodes drains directly into the deep cervical lymph nodes.

The deep cervical lymph nodes also receive lymph from the superficial cervical lymph nodes.

59
Q

name the layers of deep cervical fascia

A
  • investing
  • pre-tracheal
  • pre- vertebral layers.
  • In addition, deep cervical fascia condenses
    around the internal jugular vein, common carotid
    artery, internal carotid artery and vagus nerve –
    forming the carotid sheath.
60
Q

what muscles does the investing layer of fascia enclose

A

This fascial layer encloses/invests the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

61
Q

what does the pre-tracheal layer of fascia enclose

A
  • thyroid gland
  • trachea
  • oesophagus (visceral compartment)
62
Q

what does the pre-vertebral layer of fascia enclose

A
  • vertebral column and its associated muscles (vertebral compartment)
63
Q

what does the carotid sheath enclose

A
  • internal jugular vein
  • common carotid artey
  • internal carotid artery
  • vagus nerve

(vascular compartment)

64
Q

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

anterior = posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

posterior = anterior border of the trapezius muscle

inferior (base) = middle 1/3 of the clavicle

65
Q

what are the boundaries of the root of the neck

A

anterior = manubrium

lateral boundaries = 1st ribs and their costal cartilages

posterior = body of 1st thoracic vertebra

Year 2 ABCP (3 decks)

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