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Internal Medicine III > Past Q's Horse 2019 > Flashcards

Past Q's Horse 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

Intra-cardiac shunt detection in horse:

A

Dopple echocardiography

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2
Q

Equine gastric ulcer treatment:

A

H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate

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3
Q

Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics):

A

Xylazine, neostigmine

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4
Q

Secretolytics for horses:

A

Acetylcysteine, bromhexine

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5
Q

Oesophageal obturation in horse. Most common complication due to:

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

Stomatitis of horses – Viral and fungal origin – Which statement is NOT true?

A) Can be cause by Apthovirus, Herpes virus, Trichophyton, Mentagrophytes
B) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Candida albicans
C) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Stachybotris atra
D) Can be caused by Vesiculo virus, Candidiosis, Stachybotry toxicosis

A

A) Can be cause by Apthovirus, Herpes virus, Trichophyton, Mentagrophytes

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7
Q

Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses:

A

Disseminated purulent nephritis

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8
Q

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis:

A

Grade 3 – Asynchronous movement, no complete opening

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9
Q

General therapy in equine hepatic disease:

A

Diet restricted in protein, glucose IC, insulin, B vitamins, anti-oxidants

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10
Q

Laxatives for horses:

A

Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate

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11
Q

COPD / RAO drugs – Horse:

A

Clenbuterol, Atropine, Fluticazon

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12
Q

Hyper-lipaemia of horses – Occurrence, etiology:

A

Breed predisposition (ponies, miniature horses), pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia

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13
Q

Cause of grass sickness in horse:

A

Cl. botulinum

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14
Q

Etiology of acute gastric dilation in horses:

A

Highly fermentable feed + Hard work after feeding

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15
Q

Oesophageal obturation in horse – Prognosis:

A

Mostly favourable

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16
Q

Facial paralysis – Etiology, horse:

A

Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media

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17
Q

Equine motor neurone disease – Cause:

A

Vitamin E deficiency

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18
Q

EGUS – Clinical signs in foals, which is NOT true:

A) Diarrhoea
B) Colic
C) Fever
D) Salivation

A

C) Fever

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19
Q

Oesophageal obturation – Treatment in horse:

A

Oxytocin, Butylscopalmine, Xylazine, Oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail

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20
Q

Common physiological arrhythmia in horses:

A

Second degree atrioventricular block

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21
Q

Chorioptes mange affects horses:

A

Limbs

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22
Q

Bronchodilators for horses in emergency treatment (in RAO / COPD):

A

Atropin, Ipratopium

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23
Q

Bronchodilators for horses:

A

Clenbuterol, Albuterol, Aminophylline (Teophylline)

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24
Q

Cleft palate in horses - signs:

A

Dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles

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25
Q

Causative agent of Equine proliferative enteropathy:

A

Lawsonia intracellularis

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26
Q

Guttural pouch mycosis – Signs:

A

Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner’s syndrome

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27
Q

Polyneuritis in horse – Etiology:

A

EHV-1, Adenovirus, Streptococcus

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28
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by:

A

Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horse

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29
Q

Causes of dysphagia in horse:

A

e.g. Guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate

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30
Q

Characteristics of Equine LeukoEncephalomalacia (ELE):

A

Food contaminated with moulds – Fumonisin B1 toxin; encephalomalacia – Dysphagia, dyskinesis –
Recumbency

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31
Q

Severe acute nephrosis in horse – Combine etiology:

A

Endotoxeinaemia + Repeated Flunixin meglumine + Dehydration

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32
Q

Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses:

A

Disseminated purulent nephritis

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33
Q

Oesophageal obturation / Most common complications in horse:

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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34
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is chaarcterized by:

A

Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult
horses

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35
Q

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis:

A

Grade 3: Asynchronous movement, no complete opening

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36
Q

Secretolytics for horses:

A

Acetylcysteine, Bromhexine

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37
Q

What causes laminitis in horse? (it’s a short story)

A

A disease of horses and housed dairy cattle, characterized by damage to the sensitive laminae of the
hooves, and clinically by severe lameness, especially in the front hooves. There is heat and pain at the
coronets and in bad cases protrusion of the third phalanx through the sole of the hoof. Hypoxia at the
corium results in defective keratinization and the production of a laminitic ring with the occurrence of
multiple rings in the hooves of animals with chronic laminitis.
Most cases are caused by severe toxemia, as in engorgement on grain or metritis in the mare, and are
called metabolic laminitis. Sporadic cases in heavily pregnant, overfat mares are referred to as puerperal
laminitis. Some are caused by trauma, such as in pawing due to boredom or in horses transported over
long distances without rest, and are called traumatic laminitis. Called also founder.

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38
Q

Grass sickness in horse:

A

Young horses on pasture, mainly neurological

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39
Q

Types of stones in horse:

A

Ca-carbonate in the bladder

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40
Q

Caudal border moved because of:

A

RAO

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41
Q

Aortic insufficiency in horse - clinical signs:

A

Strong holodiastolic murmur, in the left 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses

42
Q

Bacterial endocarditis location in horse:

A

Mitral and Aortic valve

43
Q

Equine sarcoid - agent:

A

Main etiological agent is Bovine Papilloma virus (BPV) types 1 and 2

44
Q

Equine urticaria – Characterisitcs:

A

Can be casued by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin wtihin minutes or hours. Suaully
fast ealing, but it might reoccur.

45
Q

Equine utricaria – Symptoms:

A

Wheals / Plaques appear within a few mins / hours after exposure to the causative agent. The skin lesions
are elevated, round, flat-topped, might be slightly depressed in the center. Mainly on back, flanks, neck,
eyelids, legs. Usually lesions disappear after a few hours.

46
Q

Urolithiasis horse – Type and location:

A

Calcium carbonate are the main equine uroliths. Commonly located in bladder.

47
Q

The aortic insufficiency of the horse is characterised by:

A

Strong holodiastiolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th inter-costal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult
horses

48
Q

Intra-cardiac shunt detection horse:

A

Doppler echocardiography

49
Q

Common physiological arrhythmia in horse:

A

Second degree atrio-ventricular block

50
Q

Mitral insufficiency in horse – Symptoms:

A

Holosystolic cardiac murmur in the left 5

th inter-coastal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left-heart failure

51
Q

Features of the equine Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy:

A

CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after the respiratory signs

52
Q

Which is a blood sucking louse in horse:

A

Haematopinus asini

53
Q

Bronchitis – Pneumonia – Etiology – Obligate pathogenic viruses – Horse:

A

Equine Herpes virus 1 and 4, Equine Influenza virus-A, African Horse Sickness virus

54
Q

Facial paralysis – Etiology – Horse:

A

Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media

55
Q

Dysphagia – Causes – Horse:

A

e.g. Guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscess, cleft palate

56
Q

Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases:

A

Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided biopsy

57
Q

Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy – Clinical signs – Horse:

A

Respiratory signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog-sitting position, recumbency

58
Q

Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses:

A

Accumulation of phylloerythrin (originated from chlorophyll II) caused by hepatic insufficiency

59
Q

Oesophageal obturation in horses – Etiology:

A

Solid pieces of feed (e.g. apple, potato, sugar beet)

60
Q

Oesophageal obturation in horse – Symptoms:

A

Oesophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia

61
Q

Botulism – Etiology – Horse:

A

Cl. botulinum – Botulinum toxin-contaminated carrion remnants in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally
Cl. botulinum infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract

62
Q

Bronchodilators for horses in emergency treatment (in RAO / COPD):

A

Atropine, Ipratropium

63
Q

Large colon torsion – Outcome:

A

Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death

64
Q

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia – Diagnosis

A

Endoscopy, palpation, ‘slap’ test

65
Q

Bacterial endocarditis in horses – Complication:

A

Disseminated, multi-focal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts

66
Q

COPD (RAO) / Bronchoalveolar lavage sample:

A

Neutrophils > 20%

67
Q

Grading of gastric ulcers - Horse:

A

0-4

68
Q

EIPH – Horse – Therapy:

A

Furosemide

69
Q

COPD (RAO) – Which statement is NOT true – Horse:

A) Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: Interstitial, bronchial, peribronchial pattern
B) Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes
C) Bronchiectasia and increased air content sometimes visible on chest X-ray
D) Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: Fibrosis, chronic oedema

A

D) Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: Fibrosis, chronic oedema

70
Q

Treatment of laryngeal oedema – Horse:

A

Clenbuterol, Furosemide, Lidocaine

71
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses – Prognosis:

A

Usually favourable

72
Q

Acute gastric dilatation in horse – Treatment:

A

Gastric lavage by tubing, spasmolytics, IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, Flunixin meglumine

73
Q

Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica) in horse:

A

Muscular glycogen ↑ - Local lactic acid ↑ - Vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia – Zenker type myopathy
– Muscular paralysis + Myoglobinuria

74
Q

How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses?

A

Anti-microbial therapy, Flunixin meglumine, thoracic drainage

75
Q

Equine Herpes virus myeloencephalopathy. Which statement is NOT true?

A) It is caused by EHV-2 on immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hyper-sensitisation
B) It is caused by EHV-1 or sometimes by EHV-4 on an immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hypersensitisation
C) The symptoms can be seen in horses vaccinated against EHV because of immune-complex based
vasculitis
D) In foals neurologic signs are less frequent

A

A) It is caused by EHV-2 on immune-mediated basis, due to Type 3 hyper-sensitisation

76
Q

West Nile virus encephalomyelitis - Occurence:

A

Occurrence between April and July

77
Q

Pleuropneumonia – Horse – Predisposing factor (Environment):

A

Long distance transport

78
Q

Neonatal pharyngeal weakness – Foal - Physiological?

A

Physiological up to 2-4 weeks of age

79
Q

Tracheal collapse in horses – Occurrence (who are susceptible):

A

Ponies, miniature horses

80
Q

Right dorsal colitis is associated with the use of:

a) Antibiotics
b) Certain Anthelmintics
c) Corticosteroids
d) NSAIDs

A

?

81
Q

Acute proximal enteritis – Treatment in horse:

A

Gastric decompression by tubing, spasmolytics, IV fluid and electrolyte replacement, Flunixin meglumine

82
Q

Acute proximal enteritis – Clinical signs in horse:

A

Colic – Depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on the US

83
Q

Ethmoid hematoma surgery – Which is NOT true?

a) Dimethyl-sulfoxide injection
b) Formalin injection
c) Laser surgery
d) Surgical removal

A

a) Dimethyl-sulfoxide injection

84
Q

Ethmoid hematoma – Cause (one of the causes):

A

Angiomatous tissue over-growth

85
Q

Occurrence and etiology of post-exercise myopathy in horse:

A

In well-fed draft horses, after 2-3 days rest and during heavy exercise

86
Q

Causes of paralytic ileus:

A

Enteritis, peritonitis, abdominal surgery (post-operative stage)

87
Q

Causes of mechanical ileus – Horse:

a) Enterospasms, intestinal obstruction, pregnancy colic
b) Intestinal obturation, intestinal compression, intestinal torsion
c) Organophosphate toxicosis, intestinal torsion, intestinal obturation
d) Neoplasia, abscess, smalls strongyles

A

?

88
Q

Pathomechanism of colic. What is NOT typical?

A) Hypovolemia
B) Hyperthermia
C) Endotoxemia
D) Disseminated Intra-vascular Coagulopathy

A

B) Hyperthermia

89
Q

Acute primary gastric dilation in horse - Treatment:

A

Gastric lavage followed by Flunixin

90
Q

Small strongyles causes:

A

Intussusception

91
Q

Pathophysiology of colic:

A

Protein under 2.5 and cell count between 5,000 – 10,000

92
Q

Which disease most resembles rabies in horses?

A

Equine LeukoEncephalomalacia (ELE)

93
Q

Atropine toxicosis – Horse – Treatment:

A

Pilocarpine

94
Q

Which statement describes sycosis in horses?

A

Folliculitis of the long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck and on the root of the tail

95
Q

COPD (RAO) - What is it?

A

Allergic disease (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

96
Q

IAD diagnosis:

A

Endoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage

97
Q

IAD treatment:

A

Steroid

98
Q

Cerebral commotion in horses – Consequences:

A

Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears

99
Q

Which is true?

A) Lymphoid hyper-plasia typically effects young horses
B) Left laryngeal hemiplegia – Any breed
C) Tracheal collapse - Ponies more common
D) Guttural pouch tympany – Physiological in young horses

A

A) Lymphoid hyper-plasia typically effects young horses ?

100
Q

Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses:

A

20 – 25 mmol/L (25 – 35 mmol/L on the sheet)

101
Q

Cause of EIPH:

A

(Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage)

Genetic disorder

102
Q

Atrial fibrillation in horse - Drug:

A

Quinidine sulphate

Internal Medicine III (8 decks)

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