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issa nutritionist (new) > Chapter 3: Metabolism and Energy Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Metabolism and Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The process of converting ingested nutrients into energy in the body.

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2
Q

Energy

A

The usable power derived from nutrient sources.

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3
Q

Energy balance

A

The symmetry between nutrient consumption and energy demands of the body.

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

The energy released as the bonds that hold chemicals together are broken.

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5
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celsius at a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

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6
Q

Calorie yield of a carbohydrate

A

4 kcals

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7
Q

Calorie yield of a protein

A

4 kcals

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8
Q

Calorie yield of stored fat from carbohydrate source

A

3.27 kcals

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9
Q

Calorie yield of a fat

A

9 kcals

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10
Q

Calorie yield of alcohol

A

7 kcals

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11
Q

Calorimeter

A

A tool to measure heat production and energy expenditure

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12
Q

Direct calorimetry

A

A way to measure energy expenditure in a chamber measuring ambient heat increases.

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13
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

A way to measure energy expenditure by oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced.

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14
Q

Resting metabolic rate

A

The energy expenditure of metabolic and physical processes when the body is at rest

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15
Q

Thermic effect of food

A

The energy expenditure associated with food consumption.

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16
Q

Diet-induced thermogenesis

A

The thermic effect of macronutrient digestion and absorption

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17
Q

Positive energy balance

A

More energy is consumed than is expended.

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18
Q

Negative energy balance

A

More energy is expended than is consumed

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19
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

The series of reaction converting nutrients to ATP

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20
Q

Adenosine Trihosphate

A

The cellular energy molecule

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21
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

The principle stating energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form to another.

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22
Q

Anabolic

A

The building process

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23
Q

Catabolic

A

The breakdown process

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24
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein catalyzing chemical reactions.

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25
Q

ATPase

A

An enzyme catalyzing the breakdown of ATP to ADP.

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26
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

The process of removing a phosphate.

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27
Q

ATP-ADP cycle

A

A mechanism of allowing ATP to be quickly broken into ADP and the reformed

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28
Q

Rephosphylation

A

The process of adding a phosphate

29
Q

ATP synthase

A

an enzyme creating ATP

30
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

An enzyme creating ATP. the breakdown of ATP while in the presence of water to release energy stored within its bonds.

31
Q

Oxidative stress

A

The imbalance of reactive oxygen and the body’s ability to detoxify or remove it.

32
Q

Adenylate Kinase

A

An enzyme catalyzing the reaction between ATP and AMP to form two ADP molecules and vice versa.

33
Q

Phosphocreatine

A

A molecule found in muscle and brain tissue donating phosphate to ADP to form ATP.

34
Q

Phosphagen system

A

The combination of a muscle’s stored ATP plus its phosphocreatine.

35
Q

Glycolysis

A

The process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules.

36
Q

Glucose

A

The smallest molecule a carbohydrate can be broken down into and used as an energy source.

37
Q

Pyruvate

A

A three-carbon structure formed by splitting a glucose molecule

38
Q

Anaerobic

A

A process that can occur without the help of oxygen

39
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis

A

The process of splitting a glucose molecule into a pair of pyruvate molecules to produce ATP when oxygen is low.

40
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

The breakdown of fuels to form ATP in the presence of oxygen.

41
Q

Ketones

A

By-product of fatty acid metabolism that can be used for energy.

42
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of striated muscle fiber

43
Q

Creatine

A

A molecule synthesized in the liver and kidneys assisting reformation of ATP from ADP.

44
Q

Creatine kinase

A

An enzyme catalyzing ADP to ATP and creatine to phosphocreatine.

45
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

The reduction of cellular pH

46
Q

Glycogen

A

The body’ stored form of glucose

47
Q

Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+)

A

A coenzyme participating in glycolysis

48
Q

NADH

A

The reduced form of NAD+ necessary for energy production.

49
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

An enzyme catalyzing the conversion of pyruvate and NADH into lactase and NAD+, and vice versa.

50
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

The breakdown of fuels to form ATP in the presence of oxygen.

51
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A

A

The molecule entering the krebs cycle to start aerobic metabolism.

52
Q

Krebs cycle

A

A series of chemical reactions within mitochondria to form ATP form the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.

53
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A metabolic pathway within mitochondria where most ATP molecules are formed during aerobic metabolism.

54
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Another name for electron transport chain

55
Q

Cristae`

A

Folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

56
Q

Matrix

A

Part of the mitochondria that is filled with enzymes, water, and proteins as well as the organelle’s own unique DNA and ribosomes.

57
Q

Visceral fat

A

Fat stored around the midsection and major intra-abdominal organs

58
Q

Subcutaneous fat

A

fat stored directly under the skin

59
Q

Intramuscular fat

A

Fat stored within the muscles

60
Q

Triglycerides

A

The stored form of fatty acids

61
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids.

62
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced in the pancreas, increasing levels of glucose and fatty acids in the blood.

63
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

A metabolic state where high levels of ketones are in the blood due to the fatty acid metabolism.

64
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

A

A compound produced in the krebs cycle supporting ATP formation.

65
Q

Possible ATP production from Glucose

A

30-32

66
Q

Possible ATP production from Fatty acids

A

106

67
Q

Possible ATP production from Lactate

A

30-32

68
Q

Possible ATP production from Ketones

A

22

issa nutritionist (new) (18 decks)

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