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3. Cancer > Bladder cancer > Flashcards

Bladder cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define

A

DEFINITION: malignancy of bladder cells

Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas

RARELY, bladder cancers may be squamous cell carcinomas associated with chronic inflammation (e.g. schistosomiasis)

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2
Q

Causes

A

UNKNOWN

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3
Q

Risk factors

A

Smoking

Dye stuffs (naphthylamines and benzidine)

Cyclophosphamide treatment

Pelvic irradiation

Chronic UTIs

Schistosomiasis

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4
Q

Epidemiology

A

2% of cancers

2nd most common cancer of the genitourinary tract

2-3 x more common in MALES

Peak incidence: 50-70 yrs

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5
Q

Symptoms

A

Painless macroscopic haematuria

Irritative/storage symptoms

Frequency

Urgency

Nocturia

Recurrent UTIs

Rarely: ureteral obstruction

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6
Q

Signs

A

Often NO SIGNS

Bimanual examination may be performed as part of disease staging

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7
Q

Investigations

A

Cystoscopy - allows visualisation, biopsy or removal

Ultrasound

Intravenous urography

CT/MRI for staging

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3. Cancer (16 decks)

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