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Bio 181 FINAL > Ch. 10 Cell Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch. 10 Cell Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

gamete

A

23 chromosomes each

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2
Q

Diploid

A

two matched or homologous sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

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3
Q

Haploid

A

one set of chromosomes (gametes)

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4
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

matched pair of chromosomes

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5
Q

Genes

A

Functional units of chromosomes , determine specific characteristics for coding specific proteins

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6
Q

1st level of Compaction

A

stretches of DNA double helix wrap around a core of eight histone proteins called chromatin

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7
Q

Nucleosome

A

histone, DNA complex linked together by linker DNA

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8
Q

2nd level of Compaction

A

occurs as nucleosomes and the linker DNA between them coil into a chromatin fiber

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9
Q

3rd level of Compaction

A

variety of fibrous proteins used to pack the chromatin

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10
Q

Chromatids

A

one part of the chromosome, one sister

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11
Q

Centromere

A

region where chromatids are connected

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12
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell cytoplasm partitioned

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13
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and DNA is replicated

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14
Q

G1 phase

A

accumulates chromosomal DNA and associated proteins as well as energy reserves to complete task of copying each chromosome in nucleus

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15
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of DNA, DNA replication proceeds through to result in formation of identical pairs of DNA molecules that are firmly attached to the centromeric region

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16
Q

G2 phase

A

cell replenishes its energy stores and synthesizes proteins necessary for chromosome manipulation and movement

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17
Q

Karyokinesis

A

first portion of the mitotic phase, nuclear division (5 stages) second process is cytokinesis

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18
Q

Chromosomes become visible under a light microscope

A

Prophase

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19
Q

attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochore

A

Prometaphase

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20
Q

chromosomes align at metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

21
Q

Seperation of sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage

A

Anaphase

22
Q

unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of new nuclear envelope

A

Telophase

23
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

cleavage furrow and actin ring contract splitting in 2

24
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A

cell wall fuses from vesicles and parts of other various split apart organelles forms phragmoplast which becomes cell wall

25
Q

G0 phase

A

cell does not undergo cell cycle due to environmental factors or other regions

26
Q

Human growth hormone

A

too little or too much can affect cell cycle

27
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

points in which progression of cell cycle to next stage can be halted until conditions are good

28
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

external factors have the greatest influence

29
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

ensures that all DNA has been replicated and none has been damaged

30
Q

M checkpoint

A

occurs at end of metaphase stage of karyokinesis and is also known as the spindle checkpoint

31
Q

Positive Regulation

A

promote progress of cell to next phase

32
Q

Negative Regulation

A

halt cycle

33
Q

which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated

A

CdK

34
Q

to fully activate CdK

A

must be phosphorylated in specific location

35
Q

Rb, p53 and p21 are negative regulator, tumor suppressor proteins

A

acts when there is damaged DNA preparing for G1

as p53 rises so does p21, enforces cycle stop

36
Q

Rb

A

monitors cell size and exerts regulatory influence on other positive regulator proteins

37
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell suicide

38
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal genes that when mutated in certain ways become cancerous
any gene when altered leads to an increase in the rate of the cell cycle

39
Q

Oncogenes

A

genes that cause a cell to become cancerous

40
Q

Tumor Suppressor Genes

A

Rb, p53, p21

41
Q

Binary Fission

A

genomic DNA is replicated and divided

karyokinesis not neccessary bc there is no true nucleus or chromosomes

42
Q

origin

A

starting point of replication

43
Q

FtsZ

A

filamenting temperature sensitive mutant z

forms ring and triggers other proteins to work towards new membrane

44
Q

Septum

A

forms between daughter nucleoids extends and when cell wall is complete separates

45
Q

mitotic spindles arise from

A

centromere

46
Q

main prereq for clearance at the G2 checkpoint

A

accurate and complete DNA replication

47
Q

a gene that codes for a positive cell cycle regulator is called a

A

proto oncogene

48
Q

relationship between gene, chromosome and genes

A

genome is a double stranded DNA molecule with a certain number of chromosomes in its nucleus
genes are sequences in DNA that determine traits
chromosomes make up genomes

Bio 181 FINAL (12 decks)

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