Cartilage % Bone

Question 1

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 1

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro
All of which are connective tissues

Question 2

Describe Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 2

Most abundant form of cartilage found in the body, it is white and bluish in colour. Covers opposing bone surfaces with joints acting as a shock absorber. Also found connecting ribs to sternum and supporting respiratory tract

Question 3

Describe Elastic Cartilage?

Answer 3

Very resilient and flexible form of cartilage. Found in epiglottis and flap of ear. Helps to maintain shape of structures.

Question 4

Describe Fibro Cartilage?

Answer 4

Strongest type of cartilage. High in collagen fibres and chondrocytes. Found between vertebrae discs. It supports and joins structures.

Question 5

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 5

Support for soft tissue
protection - ribs/skull/vertebrae 
Storage - calcium
Blood cell production in red bone marrow
Movement-attached to muscles

Question 6

What are the four types of bone?

Answer 6

Long - femur
Short - various wrist bones
Flat - cranial, ribs
Irregular -vertebrae

Question 7

Describe the anatomy of a long bone top to bottom

Answer 7

Articular caritalege on bone end
Proximal epiphysis which contains red bone marrow (spongy bone)
Epiphyseal line
Metaphysis
Diaphysis - exterior is made of compact bone and interior has the medullary cavity where yellow cartilage is found

Question 8

What are the four main types of cell found in bone tissue?

Answer 8

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 9

What are Osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 9

The only bone cells that undergo cell division which creates osteoblasts

Question 10

What are Osteoblasts?

Answer 10

Bone building cells. Forms bone extracellular matrix and secretes collagen fibres.

Question 11

What are Osteocytes?

Answer 11

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

Question 12

What are Osteoclasts?

Answer 12

Huge cells, involved in destroying bone extracellular matrix.

Question 13

What is the makeup of bone extracellular matrix?

Answer 13

25% water, 25% collagen fibres, 50% crystallised mineral salts

Question 14

What glands are responsible for balancing blood calcium levels?

Answer 14

Throid and Parathyroid glands

Question 15

How do the thyroid and parathyroid glands balance blood calcium levels?

Answer 15

If levels are high, thyroid gland releases calcitonin which inhibits osteoblasts lowering blood calcium
If levels are low, parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone, stimulating osteoclasts and raising blood calcium

Question 16

What is the haversian system in compact bone?

Answer 16

Compact bone arranged in osteons. Each Osteon has a haversian canal surround by concentric layers of lamellae

Question 17

Describe the haversian canal?

Answer 17

Contains blood vessels and nerves runs longitudinally through bones

Question 18

Describe the concentric lamellae?

Answer 18

Rings of hard calcified extracellular matrix. Between the lamellae are lacunae, which contain osteocytes. Coming from the lacunae are the canaliculi (wee channels of extracellular fluid connecting them to each other)

Question 19

Discuss Osteoporosis.

Answer 19

Affects women over 40 in particular. Loss of bone density after menopause. Whether osteoporosis develops is dependent on what their bone mass was prior to menopause.