Speed Terms Part 1: Ch 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 25

Question 1

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Answer 1

Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides: glucose (about 80%), fructose and galactose. Glucoses turned into ATP

Question 2

Anaerobic

Answer 2

doesn’t need oxygen

Question 3

Aerobic

Answer 3

needs oxygen

Question 4

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 4

gets us lots of ATP (phosphoralation is adding a phosphate to a molecure. Oxidative is stripping electrons off other compounds then passing electrons down the electron transport chain allows us to build ATP from ADP)
Endergonic.

Question 5

Triglycerides (neutral fats)

Answer 5

composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains. important for storage of energy, insulation, and shock absorption

Question 6

Steroids

Answer 6

consist of 4 interlocking carbon rings with various side groups.. includes cholesterol and steroid hormones.

Question 7

Structural (fibrous) proteins

Answer 7

Stable and insoluble in water. Provide mechanical support and give strength.

Question 8

Functional (globular) protiens

Answer 8

Less stable, H-bonds break easily.Are water soluble. help chemical reactions go forth

Question 9

Cells

Answer 9

are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.

Question 10

Integral (transmembrane) proteins

Answer 10

extend through the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 11

Peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 11

are associated loosely with only one side of the membrane

Question 12

Simple Diffusion

Answer 12

nonpolar and lipid soluble substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer.

Question 13

facilitated diffusion

Answer 13

polar & charged molecules require transmembrane proteins as carriers, or use ion channels to move through the lipid bilayer.

Question 14

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Answer 14

gluc binds to protein, the protein changes shape and releases on the other side

Question 15

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

K+ ion can’t get through so it passes through the channel protein, some have a gate, some are constantly open with no gate

Question 16

primary active transport

Answer 16

energy from ATP hydrolysis changes the shape of a transporter protein and it “pumps” a substance across the membrane.

Question 17

secondary active transport

Answer 17

coupled transport of 2 molecules using energy supplied by an ion gradient, maintained by a primary active transport pump.

Question 18

cristae

Answer 18

mito Has an outer membrane and an inner folded membrane

Question 19

Nucleoili

Answer 19

produce ribosomes. Nucleolus (singular); nucleoli (plural).

Question 20

Somatic cell division

Answer 20

a body cell undergoes nuclear division to produce a new body cell → MITOSIS

Question 21

Primary Motor Area

Answer 21

Located in the precentral gyrus, Controls voluntary contractions of specific skeletal muscles

Question 22

Broca’s Speech Area

Answer 22

Directs muscles of tongue, throat, & lips used in speech production,damage can causes Non-fluent aphasia slow speech

Question 23

Somatosensory Association Area

Answer 23

receives input from the primary somatosensory area, Can analyze, recognize, & act on sensory input in relation to past experiences it stores

Question 24

Premotor Area

Answer 24

communicates with the primary motor cortex, Controls learned motor activities involving complex sequential muscle contractions

Question 25

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 25

involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall, & personality, A role in judgment & mood, Involved in reasoning, planning for the future, & ‘conscience’

Question 26

Wernicke’s area

Answer 26

Interprets meaning of words & converts words to thoughts

Question 27

Association tracts

Answer 27

axons connect gyri in same hemisphere

Question 28

Commissural tracts

Answer 28

axons connect gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere (e.g., corpus callosum

Question 29

Projection tracts

Answer 29

axons run vertically to connect cerebrum to lower parts of brain & spinal cord (ex. Cerebral cortex connected to thalamus)

Question 30

conus medullaris

Answer 30

end of spinal cord

Question 31

cauda equina

Answer 31

A bundle of spinal nerves that exit the cord at the conus medullaris

Question 32

Endoneurium

Answer 32

encloses each axon

Question 33

Perineurium

Answer 33

around a nerve fascicle (bundle)

Question 34

Epineurium

Answer 34

surrounds all fascicles

Question 35

decussate

Answer 35

in conduction pathways, many of the axons in the tracts cross-over (decussate) at some point in their pathway

Question 36

Anterior (Ventral) corticospinal tract

Answer 36

Located in the anterior column of white matter, Begins in cerebral cortex, Ends in spinal cord, Is a motor (descending) tract

Question 37

Lateral spinothalamic tract

Answer 37

Located in the lateral column of white matter, Begins in spinal cord , Ends in thalamus , Is a sensory (ascending) tract

Question 38

Direct depending pathways

Answer 38

have nerve impulse conning from cerebral cortex and go to skeletal muscle to control or have voluntary movements take place

Question 39

Indirect depending pathways

Answer 39

have nerve impulse coming from brain stem and go to skeletal muscle to controls automatic movement of skeletal muscle (muscle tone, posture, balance)

Question 40

Somatic reflex

Answer 40

involves contraction of skeletal muscle

Question 41

Autonomic reflex

Answer 41

involves the response of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands

Question 42

Basal Nucleus

Answer 42

3 masses, Inhibit antagonistic & unnecessary movements, Regulate muscle ton

Question 43

Primary SomatosensoryArea

Answer 43

Receives input from skin sensory receptors for touch, pain, & temp. Receives input from muscle, tendon, & ligament proprioceptors about body position & movements

Question 44

Nicotinic

Answer 44

PNS receptors for all postganglionic neurons

Question 45

Muscarinic

Answer 45

PNS receptors for all PNS target organs

Question 46

Hypertension

Answer 46

high blood pressure, over active vasoconstriction response, heart works harder, causes more wear and tear on walls

Question 47

Raynaud’s disease

Answer 47

intermittent attacks causing skin on fingers and toes turn blue and painful. Blood vessels being constricted more than they should so not enough blood getting to fingers, tigered by cold or emotional stress

Question 48

Autonomic dysreflexia

Answer 48

life-threatening, uncontrolled activation of autonoetic neurons. Triggered by painful stimulus to skin or overfilled organ like bladder. Arterial blood pressure skyrockets and can lead to blood vessel bursting in brain leading to stroke. Tends to happen in 1st year after spinal injury or in quadriplegics.