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Histolog Final Exam 3 > Endocrine Glands Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system communicate?

A
  • via chemical messengers (hormones) secretory products of endocrine cells, carried by bloodstream to target tissue containing receptors
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2
Q

Endocrine Organs are composed of secretor cells of _____ origin characterized by prominent nuclei and numerous organelles?

A
  • epithelial
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3
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A
  • no the lack ducts and secrete hormones into surrounding interstitial space
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4
Q

What characterizes endocrine organs?

A
  • prominent nuclei and numerous organelles
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5
Q

______ posses rich blood supply with fenestrated capillary networks to absorb and transport hormones

A
  • endocrine organs
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6
Q

_____ coordinates endocrine functions of body and acts as intermediary between autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

A
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

Endocrine organs integrate function of _____ systems

A
  • physiologic
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8
Q

Most endocrine glands form discreet organs; but in the pancreas endocrine and exocrine tissue is

A
  • intermixed
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9
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A
  • hypophysis
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10
Q

___ - 1cm diameter, specialized appendage of brain

- lies beneath third ventricle in sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”) of sphenoid bone

A
  • pituitary gland
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11
Q

Where is pituitary gland?

A
  • lies beneath third ventricle in sella turcica (“ Turkish saddle”) of sphenoid bone
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12
Q

What controls secretion of pituitary hormones?

A
  • hypothalamus with complex blood supply
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13
Q

What allows communication with hypothalamus?

A
  • hypophyseal portal system
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14
Q

How does hypothalamus control secretion of anterior pituitary?

A
  • hypothalamic regulating factors (hormones)

releasing factors stimulate secretion; inhibitory factors inhibit secretion

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15
Q

What are the two groups of pituitary hormones?

A
  • direct acting hormones

- trophic hormones

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16
Q

_____ have non endocrine target organ

A
  • direct acting hormones
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17
Q

Examples of direct acting hormones?

A
  • GH
  • ADH
  • MSH
  • Oxytocin
  • Prolactin
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18
Q

_____ target organ is another endocrine

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
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19
Q

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads are all _________ dependent endocrine glands

A
  • pituitary dependent
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20
Q

Functionally anatomically and embryologically the pituitary gland is divided into ______ and _____ portions

A
  • Posterior

- Anterior

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21
Q

What does the anterior portion of the pituitary gland contain?

A
  • epithelial tissue
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22
Q

What does the posterior portion of the pituitary contain?

A
  • neural secretory tissue
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23
Q

What is the “Master gland” (adenohypophysis = pars anterior = pars distalis)

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
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24
Q

_____ is a specialized glandular tissue, arises from evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called Rathke’s pouch?

A
  • anterior pituitary
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25
Q

Where does anterior pituitary arise from?

A
  • evagination of ectoderm from oral cavity in region of pharynx called rathke’s pouch
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26
Q

What are the 3 regions of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • pars distalis

- pars intermedia

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27
Q

What is rathkes pouch?

A
  • oral ectoderm that migrates to the brain
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28
Q

______ bulk of anterior pituitary

A
  • pars distalis
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29
Q

_____ thin layer between anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

A
  • pars intermedia
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30
Q

What part of the anterior pituitary containes cystic remnants of Rathke’s pouch?

A
  • pars intermedia
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31
Q

What part of anterior pituitary secretes MSH and ACTH?

A
  • pars intermedia
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32
Q

______ is an extension of anterior pituitary; forms collar

A
  • pars tuberalis
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33
Q

What is another name for collar of anterior pituitary?

A
  • pituitary stalk

- infundibulum

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34
Q

_____ secretes bulk of pituitary hormones including both direct acting and trophic hormones

A
  • Pars distalis
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35
Q

What direct acting hormones does the pars distalis secrete?

A
  • GH and prolactin
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36
Q

What tropic hormones does pars distalis secrete?

A
  • TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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37
Q

What are secretory cells of the anterior pituitary that stain?

A
  • chromophils
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38
Q

What are the secretory cells of the anterior pituitary which dont stain?

A
  • chromophobes
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39
Q

what are the two types of chromophils?

A
  • acidophils

- basophils

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40
Q

_____ stain with acidic dye; pink on H and E

A
  • acidophils
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41
Q

______ stain with basic dye; pale blue to light purple on H&E

A
  • basophils
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42
Q

______ small cells, dont take up either dye, clear on H and E, represent inactive cells

A
  • chromophobes
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43
Q

What are the subtypes ofo acidophils?

A
  • somatotrophs

- mammotrophs

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44
Q

What are the subtypes of basophils?

A
  • thryotrophs
  • gonadotrophs
  • corticotrophs
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45
Q

____ 50% of cells; sec GH

A
  • somatrophs
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46
Q

______ (=lactotrophs) ~20% of cells; secrete prolaction

A
  • mammotrophs
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47
Q

What acidophile secrete prolactin and control lactation?

A
  • mammotrophs
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48
Q

_____ 5% of cells; secrete TSH (thyrotropin)

A
  • thyrotrophs
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49
Q

_______ 5% of cells; secrete FSH and LH

A
  • gonadotrophs
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50
Q

_______ 20% of cells; secrete ACTH, MSH, endorphins

A
  • corticotrophs
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51
Q

What pituitary is a downgrowth of nervous tissue from floord of third ventricle?

A
  • posterior pituitary
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52
Q

What is another name for posterior pituitary?

A
  • neurohypophysis=pars nervosa

- located ventral to hypothalamus

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53
Q

What pituitary has the short stalk or infundibulum which contains axons of neurosecretory origin?

A
  • posterior pituitary
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54
Q

______ is composed of support cels called pituicytes and neurosecretory nerve axons

A
  • posterior pituitary
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55
Q

Where do the axons of the posterior pituitary store and release products from?

A
  • nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus
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56
Q

Secretion of posterior pituitary hormones by axons from nerve cells in hypothalams is know as _____

A
  • neurosecretion
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57
Q

What regulates neurosecretion?

A
  • regulated by hypothalamic hypophyseal feedback loop
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58
Q

What two hormones does the hypothalmus secrete via posterior pituitary?

A
  • ADH (vasopressin)

- oxytocin

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59
Q

Where are ADH and Oxytocin stored?

A
  • stored in neurosecretory granules in dilations of axons of posterior pituitary know as herring bodies
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60
Q

____ controls blood pressure by altering permeability of renal collecting tubules

A
  • ADH
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61
Q

Decreased production of ADH leads to

A
  • Increased urine production (as in diabetes insipidus)
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62
Q

_______ is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

A
  • ADH
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63
Q

_____ promotes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and breast (especially during labor and lactation?

A
  • oxytocin
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64
Q

_____ is synthesized by neuron cell bodies in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

A
  • oxytocin
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65
Q

What nucleus secretes oxytocin?

A
  • paraventricular nucleus
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66
Q

What nucleus secretes ADH?

A
  • supraoptic nucleus
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67
Q

____ is a bilateral lobulated endocrine gland on anterior/ventral neck

A
  • thyroid gland
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68
Q

L and R sides of thyroid gland connect by narrow _____

A
  • isthmus
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69
Q

What surrounds the thyroid gland?

A
  • loose connective tissue capsule with fine connective tissue septa
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70
Q

_____ is embryologically derived from epithelial downgrowth of fetal tongue?

A
  • thyroid gland
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71
Q

Thyroid gland is unique among endocrine glands in storage of large amounts of inactive hormone, an eosinophilic glycoprotein colloid called _____

A
  • thyroglobulin
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72
Q

Where is throglobulin stored in thyroid gland?

A
  • stored in extracellular follicles (structural units of thyroid gland, lined by simple,cuboidal epithelium)
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73
Q

_____ are structural units of thyroid gland, lined by simple, cuboidal epithelium

A
  • extracellular follicles
74
Q

______ concentrate iodine 30-40X blood levels, and secrete it as thryroglobulin via apical microvillli

A
  • follicular epithelial cells
75
Q

Iodination is very important and leads to

A
  • active hormone
76
Q

What are the active hormones of the thyroid gland?

A

t3 and T4

77
Q

Triiodothyronine is

A
  • T3
78
Q

Thyroxine is ?

A
  • T4
79
Q

_ is deiodinated in the _____ to form T3, the more potent biologically active form

A
  • T4, liver
80
Q

_____ regulates BMR (also growth and development of nervous system)

A
  • T3 and 4
81
Q

Thyroid hormone deficiency during fetal development impairs neural development and myelination and results in_____

A
  • physical stunting and mental retardation (cretinism)
82
Q

What are the secondary secretory cells in the thyroid gland?

A
  • parafollicular cells (=C cells, clear cells)

dont stain well

83
Q

Where are C cells located?

A
  • at periphery of follicles or scattered within connective tissue
84
Q

what type of cells in lower vertebrats make up a seperate organ?

A
  • c cells/parafollicular cells
85
Q

C cells secrete ______ which regulate blood Ca levels along with parathyroid hormone

A
  • calcitonin
86
Q

When is calcitonin secreted?

A
  • when you need to decrease serum Ca levels

- it inhibits osteoclasts

87
Q

What is calcitonin effect on osteoclasts?

A
  • inhibits them and activates osteoblasts
88
Q

Synthesis storage and release of thyroid hormones is under control of ______ from anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A
  • TSH
89
Q

What is enlargement of thyroid?

A
  • goiter

can be indicative of either hypo or hyper thyroidism

90
Q

_______ is increase in number and size of follicle cells

A
  • hyperthyroidism
91
Q

_____ is an autoimmune rxn which results in decrease in size of thyroid gland

A
  • hypothroidism (can cause enlargment)
92
Q

Insufficient dietary iodine can lead to?

A
  • decreased TH production (cant produce hormone)
  • possible hypertrophy with non-functional thyroglobulin
  • keep making more and more non function thyroglobulin which keeps accumulating
  • hypothroidism
93
Q

What foods can cause hypothroidism?

A
  • cruciforus vegtables

inhibit iodination of thyroglobulin

94
Q

_____ are small oval endocrine glands associated with thyroid

A
  • parathyroid gland
95
Q

T/F parathyroid gland is usually in two pairs in mammalls (superior and inferior) and present on posterior surface of thyroid gland

A
  • T
96
Q

____ is embryologicaly derived form 3rd and 4th branchial (pharyngeal pouches)

A
  • parathyroid gland
97
Q

_____ secretes parathyroid hormone

A
  • Parathyroid gland
98
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A
  • increases serum Ca levels

- it slowly increases serum Ca levels while calcitonin rapidly decreases serum Ca

99
Q

What are 3 ways that PTH increases serum Ca level?

A
  • increases osteoclast activity (inhibits osteoblast)
  • increases renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys (inhibits resorption of phosphate)
  • increase Ca absorption from gut via Vit D
100
Q

______ secretion stimulated by decrease in blood Ca

A
  • PTH
101
Q

It is important to maintain parathyroid integrity during thyroid surgery?

A
  • Yes
102
Q

What are complications with Parathryiod gland during thyroid surgery?

A
  • accidental removal (look like nodules)
  • fibrosis due to thyroid healing
  • possible to damage them
103
Q

_____ is excess PTH production

A
  • huperparathyroidism

- leads to bony erosion and lysis

104
Q

What are the two types of secretory cells iin the parathyroid gland?

A
  • chief cells

- oxyphil cells

105
Q

______ most abundant, secrete PTH

A
  • chief cells
106
Q

______ cells are larger less numerous and stain pink with more cytoplasm

A
  • oxyphil cells
107
Q

How do chief cells stain?

A
  • clear to light pink with dark nuclei and moderate amount of cytoplasm
108
Q

What is the function of oxyphil cells?

A
  • occur in clusters and contain large # of mitochondria, but no secretory vesicles so function unknown
109
Q

T/F fatty infiltration of parathyroid gland is common in older individuals

A
  • T
110
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A
  • superior to the kidneys
111
Q

What covers the adrenal gland?

A
  • think connective tissue capsule
112
Q

In mammals andrenal gland is a single endocrine gland with ___ different embryological origins?

A
  • two
113
Q

_____ has mesodermal embryological origin, similar to gonads

A
  • adrenal cortex
114
Q

What regulates the adrenal cortex?

A
  • ACTH secreted by anterior pituitary
115
Q

What type of hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  • steroid hormones structurally related to cholesterol precursor
116
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of adrenal hormones?

A
  • mineralocorticoids
  • glucocorticoids
  • sex hormones
117
Q

______ (e.g aldosterone) control electrolyte and fluid balance, and regulate Na and K levels via Na pumps, especially in renal tubules

A
  • mineralocorticoids

also regulate blood pressure via JGA

118
Q

____ (e.g., cortisol) stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A
  • glucocorticoids

both increase blood glucose

119
Q

What hormone increases metabolism, breakdown of proteins, carbs, and lipids?

A
  • glucocorticoids
120
Q

______ (e.g. androgens) very small ammount, supplement gonadal production

A
  • sex hormones
121
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
122
Q

_____ 15% of cortex, thin, dark staining band

Secretes mineralocorticoids

A
  • zona glomerulosa
123
Q

what band of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
124
Q

_______ 80% of cortex, broad, light-staining band

A
  • zona fasciculata
125
Q

What type of cells does the zona fasciculata contain?

A
  • spongiocytes
126
Q

What layer of the cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

A
  • zona fasciculata

also secretes small amounts of androgens

127
Q

Stress promotes secretion of cortisol which ______ the immune response.

A
  • decreases
128
Q

_______ 5% of cortex; thin dark staining band

A
  • zona reticularis
129
Q

What part of the andrenal cortex secretes small quantities of androgens and glucocorticoids

A
  • zona reticularis
130
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A
  • addisons disease
  • failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone (mineralo and glucocorticoids)
  • usually due to atrophy of gland (often caused by autoimmune disease)
131
Q

Decrease in aldosterone leads to

A
  • decrease in ECF volume, hypoatremia, hyperkalemia, mild acidosis => shock, death
132
Q

Decrease in cortisol leads to?

A
  • decrease blood glucose
133
Q

How do you treat hypoadrenoocorticism?

A
  • exogenous administration of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids (fluorinef and cortisol)
134
Q

What is cushings disease?

A
  • hyperadrenocorticism

can be primary or secondary

135
Q

______ is due to general hyperplasia or functional tumor of adrenal cortex => excess cortisol secretion

A
  • primary cushings disease (adrenal hyperadrenocorticism)
136
Q

What is the classical form of cushings disease?

A
  • secondary

pituitary hyperadrenocorticism

137
Q

what causes 2’ hypoeradrenocorticism?

A
  • increase ACTH from anterior pituitary

from pituitary tumor e.g, adenoma or carcinoma

138
Q

Increased ACTH secretion leads to?

A
  • adrenal hyperplasia and excess cortisol secretion
139
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla embryologically derive from?

A
  • neuroectoderm
140
Q

Adrenal medulla contains ______ which are modified post ganglionic neuronal cells with secretory function (epithelioid in appearance)

A
  • chromaffin cells
141
Q

What controls chromaffin cells?

A
  • controlled directly by preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers
142
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A
  • catecholamines
143
Q

What are the catecholamines that chromaffin cells secrete?

A
  • adrenaline (epinephrine)

- noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

144
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stored in _____

A
  • cytoplasmic granules called dense core granules
145
Q

What does catecholamine release do?

A
  • has systemic effect on adrenergic receptors throughout body (especially skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle)
146
Q

What do catecholamines do in concert with glucocorticoids?

A
  • prepare the body for fight or flight response
147
Q

Adrenaline promotes glycogenolysis in liver as energy source and is responsible for production of ______

A
  • enkephalins
148
Q

______ are endogenous opiates responsible for pain relief

A
  • enkephalins

body knows pain is eminent in fight or flight so is gearing up

149
Q

_____ is a generally benign functional tumor of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

A
  • pheochromocytoma
150
Q

what are the symptoms of pheochromocytoma?

A
  • hypertension, headache, cardiac arrhythmias, chest pain, anxiety, panic attacks, nausea
151
Q

What causes the symptoms associated with pheochromocytoma?

A
  • due to increase epi and norepi secretion
152
Q

Bulk of pancreas contains_____ acini which secrete digestive products into gut

A
  • exocrine acini
153
Q

During development of pancreas ______ cells migrate from duct system and agregate around capillaries of pancrease and form ________

A
  • endocrine cells

- islets of langerhans

154
Q

______ are distributed throughout exocrine pancreatic tissue?

A
  • islets of langerhans
155
Q

Islet cells of pancrease have what three types?

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
156
Q

______ cells (15-20%) secrete glucagon; increase blood glucose, stimulates glucogenesis, and glycogenolysis

A
  • alpha cells
157
Q

______ cells (70%) secrete insulin, which decrease blood glucose and stimulates intracellular glycogen synthesis

A
  • beta cells
158
Q

What cells of the pancreas secrete glucagon?

A
  • alpha cells
159
Q

What cells of the pancreas secrete insulin?

A
  • beta cells
160
Q

_____ cells (5-10%) secrete somatostatin, which inhibits both insulin and glucagon production

A
  • gamma cells
161
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin which inhibits both insulin and glucagon production?

A
  • gamma cells
162
Q

What do the other miscellaneous cell types of the pancreas secrete?

A
  • vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

- pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

163
Q

What is insulin deficiency/abnormality?

A
  • diabetes mellitus
164
Q

What characterizes diabetes mellitus?

A
  • hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose)

- glucosuria (glucose in urin)

165
Q

Decrease in insulin would be what type of diabetes?

A
  • type I
166
Q

Adult onset diabetes, which is the decrease in insulin receptors or decrease responsiveness is what type?

A
  • type II
167
Q

what is the only product that decreases blood glucose?

A
  • insulin
168
Q

what gland is 6-8 mm long, located anerodorsal to cerebellum and develops from neuroectoderm as evagination of posterior portion of third ventricle, from roof of diencephalon?

A
  • pineal gland
169
Q

What is the function of pineal gland?

A
  • communicates with hypothalamus and acts as photoreceptor in lower vertebrates (third eye)
170
Q

_____ translates light intensity and duration (photoperiod) into endocrine activity which is important in circadian rhthyms and seasonal reproductive cycles

A
  • pineal gland
171
Q

What does the pineal gland secrete?

A
  • melatonin and seratonin
172
Q

_____ stimulates melanophores, chromatophores [pigment containing cells]) which leads to change in color intensity with reproductive cycle

A
  • melatonin
173
Q

____ is a vasoconstrictor; and neurotransmitter that deals with pleasure

A
  • serotonin

ectasy

174
Q

What is the effect of melatoniin in mammals?

A
  • anti-gonadal effect which decreases sex activity
175
Q

Melatonin leads to?

A
  • decrease in GNRH from hypothalamus which decreases sex hormone secretion from gonads
176
Q

Mammals

A
  • warm blooded furry and suckle their young
177
Q

Melatonin is stimulated by?

A
  • darkness
178
Q

What is the most common cell in the pineal gland?

A
  • pinealocytes

modified neurons, secrete melatonin and serotonin

179
Q

_____ are interstitial cells, support cells such as astrocytes and microglial cells

A
  • neuroglial cells
180
Q

Might also see _____ in pineal gland (=brain sand, pineal sand)

A
  • corpora arenacea
181
Q

corpora arenacea are?

A
  • calcified accretions of Ca and Mg phosphate in aging individuals

Histolog Final Exam 3 (5 decks)

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