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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main role of the hypothalamus?

A

it is a regulator of homeostasis, ANS, and endocrine function

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2
Q

what forms the posterior part of the hypothalamus?

A

the mammillary bodies

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3
Q

How is the hypothalamus divided up?

A

Into a medial and lateral zone and then the medial zone has an anterior, middle, and posterior area

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4
Q

what nuclei make up the anterior area?

A

paraventricular nucleus, preoptic nucleus, anterior nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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5
Q

what nuclei make up the middle area?

A

the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the dorsomedial nucleus

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6
Q

what makes up the posterior area?

A

the posterior nucleus and the mammillary body

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7
Q

what would damage to the lateral zone result in?

A

decrease in feeding (weight loss)

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8
Q

what is significant about the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei located in the anterior area?

A

they contain oxytocin (PVN) and ADH (SON)

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9
Q

what would a lesion of the supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus result in?

A

diabetes insipidus, increase H20 intake, and increase urination

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10
Q

what is significant about the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

it receives retinal input and is involved in circadian rhythms

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11
Q

what is significant about the ventromedial nucleus in the middle area?

A

it is the satiety center

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12
Q

what would a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus result in?

A

excessive eating and abnormal weight gain

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13
Q

what is significant about the dorsomedial nucleus in the middle area?

A

emotional behavior- stimulation causes sham rage

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14
Q

what would destruction of the dorsomedial nucleus result in?

A

decreased aggression and feeding

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15
Q

what is significant about the arcuate nucleus?

A

it secretes releasing/ inhibiting hormones

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16
Q

what afferents does the medial mammillary nucleus in the posterior area receive?

A

afferents from the hippocampus via the fornix

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17
Q

what would a lesion of the mammillary bodies result in?

A

an inability to process short-term events into long-term memory

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18
Q

What is the blood supply for the anteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

branches from the anterior communicating and anterior cerebral arteries

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19
Q

what is the blood supply of the posteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

perforating arteries from the posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery

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20
Q

what is the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal fibers?

A

afferent fibers from the amygdala to the hypothalamus

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21
Q

what is the corticohypothalamic input?

A

afferent input from the orbitofrontal and cingulate area; multiple association areas; frontal lobe to the lateral zone

22
Q

what do the retinohypothalamic fibers target?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

23
Q

efferents from the medial zone and mammillary bodies enables what?

A

the hypothalamus to influence emotional aspects of behavior

24
Q

where do efferents from the medial zone and mammillary bodies target?

A

the PAG and the RF

25
Q

where do efferents from the mammillothalamic tract project to?

A

to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus which then sends projections to the frontal lobe

26
Q

where do efferents from the lateral zone of the hypothalamus project to?

A

the DM nucleus of the thalamus, which then sends projections to the frontal lobe

27
Q

what is the supraopticohypophysial tract made up of?

A

axons of neurons in the SON and PVN

28
Q

where is oxytocin and ADH stored before being released into the capillary plexus of the posterior pituitary?

A

herring bodies

29
Q

what is significant about the tuberoinfundibular tract?

A

it conveys releasing hormones to median eminence and infundibulum

30
Q

the anterior area of the hypothalamus activates what in relation to the ANS?

A

the parasympathetic activity

31
Q

the posterior area of the hypothalamus activates what in relation to the ANS?

A

the sympathetic activity

32
Q

what would a lesion of the anterolateral medulla disrupt and result in?

A

disrupts the hypothalamomedullary fibers–> sympathetic outflow to face and head (Horner’s syndrome)

33
Q

what makes up the limbic system?

A

subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampal formation, amygdala, and septal nuclei

34
Q

connections to and from the limbic system influence what?

A

behavior, memory, and pain perception

35
Q

the limbic system is interposed between what two structures?

A

the hypothalamus and the neocortex

36
Q

what is the hippocampal formation important for?

A

learning and memory

37
Q

what makes up the hippocampal formation?

A

the subiculum, the hippocampus proper (ammon horn) the dentate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus

38
Q

what is the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus knwon as?

A

the entorhinal cortex

39
Q

how does afferent information enter the hippocampus?

A

dentate gyrus–> CA3–> CA1–> subiculum

40
Q

where do efferent fibers from the hippocampus terminate?

A

in the medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and the anterior nucleus

41
Q

what is an uncal herniation?

A

movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli

42
Q

what could cause a uncal herniation?

A

hemorrhagic lesion or tumor in the hemisphere

43
Q

what are some signs of a uncal herniation?

A

dilated pupil and abnormal eye movement, double vision, weakness of extremities, later on respiration is affected and abnormal reflexes

44
Q

what is korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

progressive degeneration of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex, and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

45
Q

what results from korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

it impedes the retention of newly acquired memory; short-term memory cannot become long term memory

46
Q

what is korsakoff’s syndrome caused by?

A

thiamine deficiency, typically associated with chronic alcoholism

47
Q

what is hippocampal amnesia?

A

bilateral lesions of the hippocampi

48
Q

what results from hippocampal amnesia?

A

profound deficit in learning new material with spared procedural and working memory

49
Q

what is the role of the amygdala?

A

it attaches emotional significance to a stimulus- emotional responses to food- visceral responses to emotional stimuli including pain

50
Q

what would a lesion of the amygdala result in?

A

impaired recognition of fear, anger, and disgust in facial expression as well as vocal affect (fear and anger)

51
Q

what is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?

A

bilateral temporal lobe lesion that abolish the amygdaloid complex

52
Q

What does kluver-bucy syndrome result in?

A

behavioral changes- hypersexuality, hyperphagia

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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