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Environmental Tech 2 > ET final > Flashcards

ET final Flashcards

1
Q

Stonehenge

A

england. Astronomical/calendrical role

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2
Q

machu picchu

A

peru. cosmic light

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3
Q

inhituatana stonoe

A

at machu picchu. astronomical calender

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4
Q

pantheon

A

rome. cosmic light. temple to the 7 deities

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5
Q

snake of sunlight

A

mexico. during equinox/primal light.

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6
Q

Light Reign

A

James Turrell. Henry art museum university of Washington. color shifting LEDS

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7
Q

Roden Crater

A

James Turrell. painted desert.

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8
Q

hagia sophia

A

istanbul, turkey. spirituality and the banishment of darkness. sacred light

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9
Q

phototropic condition

A

people are connected to light biologically and psychologically

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10
Q

phototropism

A

growth of an organism in response to light

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11
Q

human biological connection to light

A 
circadian rhythm (day-night).
circannual cycle (seasonal light cycles)
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12
Q

human psychological connection to light

A

mood. seasonal depression. light therapy

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13
Q

saccade

A

eye movements in rapid jumps between points of interest

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14
Q

cognitive maps

A

the mental pictures we construct of the environment we inhabit

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15
Q

cornea

A

clear outer lens

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16
Q

pupil

A

opening in inner eye

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17
Q

lens

A

flexes to focus objects

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18
Q

iris

A

controls pupil size

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19
Q

retina

A

light sensitive area

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20
Q

fovea

A

concentration of cones (highest visual acuity)

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21
Q

macula

A

oval region of keenest vision surrounding the fovea

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22
Q

rods

A

night and peripheral vision

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23
Q

cones

A

color and detailed vision

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24
Q

accommodation

A

ability to focus on near and far objects

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25
Q

adaption

A

ability to adjust to varied light level conditions

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26
Q

three main classes of illusion

A

physical, physiological, cognitive

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27
Q

physical illusion

A

apparent bending of a stick half immersed in water

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28
Q

physiological illusion

A

motion aftereffect (waterfall and adjacent stationary rocks)

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29
Q

cognitive illusion

A

afterimage (an image that continues to appear in the eyes after a period of exposure to the original image

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30
Q

optic blind spot is…. by the brain

A

info is filled-in by the brain based on the info from adjacent receptors

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31
Q

optic disc

A

where the optic nerves converge and exit the eye

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32
Q

cones spectral sensitivities

A

64% red sensitive
34% green sensitive
2% blue sensitive

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33
Q

color with longest wavelength

A

red

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34
Q

color with shortest wavelength

A

blue

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35
Q

photopic vision

A

cone-based. the vision of the eye under well-lit conditions: better vision

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36
Q

scotopic vision

A

rod-based. vision under low light

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37
Q

the purkinje effect

A

dark adaption process. the tendency for the eye to shift to the blue end of the color spectrum

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38
Q

light

A

electromagnetic waves perceived by the eye

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39
Q

higher the frequency… ____ the radiation wavelength

A

lower

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40
Q

range of visible nanometers

A

400-700

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41
Q

brightest color to the human eye

A

green

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42
Q

lumen

A

(lm) luminous flux

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43
Q

candela

A

(cd) luminous/light intensity

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44
Q

lux

A

(lx) illuminance

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45
Q

lumen/m^2

A

illuminance

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46
Q

foot-candles

A

illuminance

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47
Q

lumen/sf

A

illuminance

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48
Q

cd/m^2

A

luminance

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49
Q

foot-lamberts

A

brightness

foot-candles x reflectance factor

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50
Q

luminous flux

A

power/ measurement of energy. source related measure

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51
Q

light efficiency units

A

lumens per watt

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52
Q

luminous intensity

A

wavelength-weighted power. source related measure

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53
Q

illuminance

A

total luminous flux incident on a surface per unit area

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54
Q

luminance

A

measure of luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction

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55
Q

brightness

A

subjective impression of the objective luminance

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56
Q

inverse square law

A

luminous flux is inversely proportional to the ratio of the sphere area AND to the square ratio of distance

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57
Q

illuminance2 / illuminance1 = area1 / area2 AND

A

illuminance = intensity / distance^2

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58
Q

gestalt principles

A

brain attempts to link patterns we see

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59
Q

discharge family

A

standard intensity and high intensity

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60
Q

incandescent family

A

standard voltage and low voltage

61
Q

lamps ranked from least efficient to most efficient

A

incandescent>halogen>CFL>LED

62
Q

efficacy units

A

lumens per watt

63
Q

efficacy

A

amount of light for a given amount of energy

64
Q

lamp with the longest life span

A

LEDs

65
Q

high efficiency lighting attempts to reach ______

A

1 watt per square foot

66
Q

incandescent lamps

A

produces light in a vacuum or glass filled tube

67
Q

advantages of incandescent lamps

A

high color rendering index
convenient size
easily dimmed

68
Q

disadvantages of incandescent lamps

A

low efficiency
heat given to the space
relatively short lifespan

69
Q

halogen lamps

A

incandescent with halogenated gases around the filament

70
Q

fluorescent lamps

A

low-pressure mercury-vapor gas discharge lamp

71
Q

spectral power distribution(SPD)

A

modifications to the phosphor coating provides varied light color components

72
Q

advantages of fluorescent lamps

A

efficiency
long life
minimal heat to space

73
Q

disadvantages of fluorescent lamps

A

color rendering
lamp size difficult to focus
need for ballast
specialized dimming circuits

74
Q

compact fluorescent lamps can replace ____

A

incandescent bulbs

75
Q

sodium vapor lamps

A

high intensity gas discharge lamp

76
Q

advantages of LOW PRESSURE sodium vapor lamps

A

high efficiency

relatively long life

77
Q

disadvantages of LOW pressure sodium vapor lamps

A

poor color rendering (CRI)
long start time
need for ballast
bright source can cause glare

78
Q

advantages of mercury vapor lamps

A

efficiency

relatively long life

79
Q

disadvantages of mercury vapor lamps

A

poor color rendering
long start time
need for ballast
bright and can cause glare

80
Q

metal halide lamp SODIUM color

A

red/yellow

81
Q

metal halide lamp THALLIUM color

A

green

82
Q

metal halide lamp INDIUM color

A

blue

83
Q

advantages of metal halide lamps

A

efficiency
long life
fair color rendering

84
Q

disadvantages of metal halide lamps

A

long start time
need for ballast
bright source can cause glare

85
Q

neon lamps

A

2 electrodes called anode and cathode

86
Q

LED lamps

A

light emitting diode. produces light through chemical and molecular structure of a thin film

87
Q

fiber optic lighting

A

LEDs remotely transmitted through optic cable

88
Q

which fixture is closer to the wall? wallwash or wall graze?

A

wall graze

89
Q

filters and lenses are used to

A

diffuse
focus
reduce

90
Q

white light

A

combination of the visible color’s wavelengths are reflected

91
Q

Color rendering index (CRI)

A

quantitative measure of how closely a source approximates daylight

92
Q

chromatic adaption

A

human ability to adjust changes in illumination in order to preserve the appearance of object colors

93
Q

visual acuity

A

ability of the eye to differentiate fine detail

94
Q

5 factors of visual acuity

A 
size
brightness
contrast
visual exposure time
glare/ pattern distractions
95
Q

vertical field of view in degrees

A

135

60 up. 75 down

96
Q

brightness=

A

illuminance

97
Q

visual comfort probability (VCP)

A

percentage of people who will find a given lighting system visually comfortable

98
Q

higher vcp rating=

A

less glare potential

99
Q

vcp factors

A

mounting height
room dimensions
room surface reflectance
orientation of fixtures

100
Q

equivalent spherical illumination (ESI)

A

evaluates how much of the available light is useful to the task

101
Q

who identified four subjective psychological impressions that are influenced by specific lighting design

A

john flynn

102
Q

4 psychological qualities of light and space

A

visual clarity
spaciousness
relaxation
intimacy or privacy

103
Q

3 factors to determine recommended illuminance

A

task characteristics
task importance
observer visual age

104
Q

low-level lighting categories

A

A-H primarily exterior

105
Q

higher-level lighting categories

A

J-W primarily interior

106
Q

CU

A

coefficient of utilization

107
Q

LLF

A

light loss factor

108
Q

lumen method

A

“average illuminance”

predicts uniform illumination over task area

109
Q

point source method is suitable for

A

suitable for specific task conditions

110
Q

centralized power generation models

A

power produced elsewhere

111
Q

decentralized power generation models

A

power produced at place of use

112
Q

electricity

A

the movement of free electrons in a conductive material

113
Q

conductor

A

high number of free electrons

114
Q

insulator

A

low number of free electrons

115
Q

electric energy is mostly utilized through

A

alternating current

116
Q

grid parity is also called

A

socket parity

117
Q

grid parity

A

occurs when an alternative energy source can provide energy at an equal or less than cost

118
Q

what makes a PV system

A

adding BOS to module

119
Q

non-SI unit for luminance

A

Nit

120
Q

[background brightness- task brightness] / background brightness =

A

contrast

121
Q

CRI allows objects to what?

A

color accuracy

122
Q

rank electric light sources from low efficacy to high efficacy

A

incandescent, LED, low-pressure sodium

123
Q

how to find total foot candles?

A

adding vertical and horizontal

124
Q

foot-candles on a wall are

A

verticle

125
Q

due to the inverse square law, light is

A

inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

126
Q

coefficient of utilization is affected by

A

room size
surface reflectance
fixture type
mounting location

127
Q

greenhouse gas responsible for acid rain

A

carbon monoxide

128
Q

what kind of powerplant burns fuel while capturing waste heat to use for space heating

A

cogeneration

129
Q

Kilowatt-Hours

A

(kWh) electrical energy consumption

130
Q

net metering

A

excess PV power is purchased by the utility

131
Q

50:1 contrast is perceived as

A

overwhelming

132
Q

concentrator photovoltaics (cpv) performance at high temps

A

high

133
Q

cpv’s are not impacted by

A

temp degradation

134
Q

cpv’s have

A

wide acceptable angle for lower cost

135
Q

cpv’s are designed to avoid

A

chromatic aberration

136
Q

DC power flows from ____ to _____

A

positive to negative

137
Q

how does AC power voltage changed?

A

positive to negative at a given rate

138
Q

which power type feeds electronics?

A

DC

139
Q

current unit

A

amperes

140
Q

current

A

rate of electric flow

141
Q

electric potential unit

A

volts

142
Q

electric potential

A

electro-motive force

143
Q

voltage

A

potential difference between battery terminals

144
Q

current flows in the circuit as a result of

A

voltage

145
Q

electric resistance

A

resistance to electrical flow

146
Q

electric resistance units

A

ohms

147
Q

circuit that operates in a loop

A

series

148
Q

circuit with elements that operate independently

A

parallel

149
Q

purpose of voltage chane

A

safety and efficiency

Environmental Tech 2 (2 decks)

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