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Anatomy > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the skeletal system?

A

bones and joints

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2
Q

what is the skeletal system responsible for?

A 
providing support and protection
allowing movement
generating blood cells
storing fat, iron, and calcium
guiding the growth of the entire body
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3
Q

2 parts of the skeletal system

A

axial and appendicular

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4
Q

axial skeleton consist of…

A

80 bones placed along the body’s midline axis and grouped into the skull, ribs, hyoid bone, sternum and vertebral column

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5
Q

appendicular skeleton consist of…

A

126 bones grouped into the upper and lower libs and the pelvic and pectoral girdles. they anchor muscles and allow for movements

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6
Q

on the cellular level, the bone consists of two distinctively different parts:

A

the matrix and living bone cells

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7
Q

bone matrix..

A

the non-living part of the bone, which is made out of water, collagen, protein, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate crystals

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8
Q

living bone cells

A
  • also called osteocytes
  • found at the edges of the bones and throughout the bone matrix in small cavities
  • plays vital part in the growth, development, and repair of bones, and can be used for the mineral they store
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9
Q

periosteum

A
  • topmost layer of bone, acting as layer of connective tissue
  • contains collagen fibers that anchor the tendons and the muscles
  • holds the stem ad the osteoblast cells that are necessary for growth and repair of the bones
  • nervous tissue, nerve endings and blood vessels
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10
Q

compact bone of cortical

A

Tightly packed cells. Strong, dense, and rigid

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11
Q

cancellous bone

A
  • aka spongy bone

- consist of trabeculae- network of girders with open spaces filled with red bone marrow.

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12
Q

the functional unit of cancellous bone is the…

A

trabecula; holds red bone marrow and provides structural support

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13
Q

ossification

A

process where new bone is formed by osteoblasts; occurs in fetal development and is ongoing as bones grow and repair themselves

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14
Q

osteoclasts

A

type of bone cell; responsible for breaking down bone tissue; located on the surface of bones and help balance the body’s calcium levels by degrading bone to release stored calcium

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15
Q

where is bone marrow located in bones?

A

medullar cavity of the bones

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16
Q

hematopoiesis

A

occurs in the red bone marrow; when white and red blood cells are made from stem cells;

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17
Q

what happens to red bone marrow at puberty?

A

red bone marrow declines at the end of puberty; as a significant part of it is replaced by the yellow bone marrow

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18
Q

what are the five types of bone?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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19
Q

long bones…

A
  • major bones of the limbs.
  • longer than wide
  • responsible for most out height
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20
Q

long bones divide into 2 regions…..

A

epiphyses- located at the ends of the bone

diaphysis- located in the middle (contains a hollow medullary cavity that stores bone marrow

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21
Q

short bones…

A
  • long as they are wide
  • generally cube shaped or round
  • include carpal bones of the wrist and foot
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22
Q

flat bones…

A
  • do not have medullary cavities because they are thin

- ribs, hip bones, and frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of the skull

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23
Q

irregular bones…

A
  • do not fit criteria to be classified as long short, or flat
  • vertebrae, sacrum, among others
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24
Q

how many bones is they skull composed of?

A

22 bones

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25
Q

skulls purpose?

A

protects the brain and the sense organs for vision, hearing, smell, taste, and balance.

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26
Q

the skull has how many movable joints?

and what is its purpose?

A
  • 1

- connects the skull to the mandible (jaw bone)

27
Q

upper part of the skull is known as?

and its purpose?

A

the cranium

protects the brain; while the lower and frontal parts of the skull form they facial bones

28
Q

hyoid bone?

A

located just below the mandible but is not a part of the skull

  • only bone in the that is not attached to any other bone
  • helps keep trachea open and anchors the tongue muscles
29
Q

auditory ossicles

A

closely connected to skull but not apart of it

  • bones in middle ear
  • important for hearing
30
Q

vertebral column

A
  • or spine
  • begins at base of skull and stretches through the trunk down the middle of the back to the coccyx
  • supports the weight of the upper body and protects the spinal cord
31
Q

how many vertebrae is the vertebral column made of?

A

-33

32
Q

4 groups of vertebrae?

A 
Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae (C1–C7)
Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae (T1–T12)
Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae (L1–L5)
Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1–S5)
Coccyx: 4 (3–5) (fused) vertebrae (Tailbone)
33
Q

what forms the rib cage of the thoracic region?

A

ribs and sternum

34
Q

sternum…

A
  • known as breastbone
  • thin bone along the midline of the thoracic region
  • most ribs are connected to sternum via costal cartilage ( thin band of cartilage)
35
Q

how many ribs are they ?

A

12 pairs
10 true ribs
2 pairs floating

36
Q

what are the ribs attached to on the back side?

A

the thoracic vertebrae

37
Q

what are the ribs attached to on the front side?

A

-first 7 attach to the sternum
-next 3 attach to the cartilage
remaining 2 do not attach to sternum at all

38
Q

number of true ribs, false, and floating ?

A

1-7 true
false 8-12
floating 11 and 12

39
Q

last two ribs protect?

A

kidneys

40
Q

pectoral girdle….

A

formed from the left and right clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder)

41
Q

scapula

A

shoulder bone

42
Q

clavicle

A

or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally.

43
Q

humerus

A

long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections.

44
Q

ulna

A

the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb.
-forms the elbow joint with the humerus

45
Q

radius

A

allows the turning movement at the wrist

-side of the thumb

46
Q

wrist joint

A

formed out of the forearm bones and the 8 carpal bones (small bones that make up the wrist) which are connected to the 5 metacarpals (are long, thin bones that are located between the carpal bones in the wrist and the phalanges in the digits)

47
Q

what do the metacarpals connect to ?

A

the fingers

48
Q

each finger is composed of?

A

3 bones called phalanges except the thumb which only has 2 phalanges

49
Q

pelvic girdle

A

includes the left and right hip bones; attach to the sacrum

50
Q

lower limbs are connected to the axial skeleton by…

A

the pelvic girdle

51
Q

what is the hip joint formed by?

A

the hip bone and the femur

52
Q

what is the largest bone in the body?

A

the femur

53
Q

patella

A

knee cap

54
Q

what forms the knee joint

A

femur and patella (knee cap), and tibia

55
Q

tibia

A

shin bone; inner and larger of the two bones of the lower leg ; carries weight of the body

56
Q

fibula

A

other leg bone; serves mostly to anchor the muscle

57
Q

what forms the ankle joint?

A

Tibia – Shinbone.
Tarsals – Bone that sits between the heel bone and the tibia and fibula.
Fibula – Lower leg bone.

58
Q

metatarsals

A

5 long bones in the foot; forms the foot itself and connects the toes

59
Q

each toe is composed of?

A

three phalanges except the big toe which has two phalanges

60
Q

joints…

A

also know as articulations

-where the bones come into contact with each other, with cartilage, or with teeth

61
Q

3 types of joints…

A

synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous

62
Q

synovial joints….

A

small gap between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid that lubricates the joint

  • most common and allow most movement
  • pivot, hinge, saddle, gliding, condyloid, ball and socket (hip)
63
Q

fibrous joints…

A
  • found where bones fit tightly together
  • permit little to no movement
  • hold teeth in their sockets
  • suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis,
64
Q

cartilaginous joint…

A

two bones are held together by cartilage.

  • allow more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial ones
  • synchondrosis, symphysis

Anatomy (11 decks)

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