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Head and neck > Lecture 10- Embryology of the head and neck > Flashcards

Lecture 10- Embryology of the head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

Label

A
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2
Q

how many pharangeal arches

A
  • 5 (1 to 6 (5th doesn’t form in humans))
  • 1st arch is the largest- get progressively smaller
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3
Q
  • Each arch associated with
A

artery, cranial nerve and cartilage

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4
Q

what forms the ehad and neck region

A

frontal nasal prominence and pharangeal arches

  • (over ½ of embryo at week 4)
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5
Q

structure of a pharangeal arch

A
  • Structure
    • Core= mesenchyme
    • Outer covering= ectoderm (epidermic of skin)
    • Inner covering= endoderm in the pharynx
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6
Q

helpful images to help get your head around the pharangeal arches

A
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7
Q

Development of pharyngeal region

A
  • Segmental
  • Each arch (body segment) has a neurovascular plan
    • Develops muscles and skeletal elements and associated with particular nerve
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8
Q

Development of the gut tube in the pharynx

A
  • Endoderm tube
    • Modification
    • Glandular development
      • Parathyroids, thymus, palatine tonsils, thyroid
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9
Q

Grooves and clefts

A

Simultaneously, a number of outpocketings appear on the lateral wall of the pharynx – the pharyngeal pouches. The pouches separate the arches on the internal (endodermal) surface whilst the clefts separate the arches on the external (ectodermal) surface.

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10
Q

Clefts=

A

grooves on the outside

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11
Q

what happens to pharangeal clefts during development

A

Most clefts will obliterate (2ND PHARNGEAL ARCH grows down to cover THE other CLEFTS)

1st cleft is the only one to persist

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12
Q

failure to obliterate clefts gives rise to

A

branchial cysts and fistual

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13
Q

branchial cysts

A
  • Branchial cysts (fluid filled remnant of 1st pharyngeal cleft) or branchial fistulae (opening of fluid filled remnant into neck) can occur if there are remnants
  • Key landmark for looking for these abnormalities = SCM
    • E.g. anterior border= branchial cyst
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14
Q

what does the 1st cleft that persists become

A

external auditory meatus

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15
Q

Pouches

A
  • First one- ET and middle ear
  • Glandular tissue e.g. palatine tonsil, PT and thymus, thyroid etcccccc
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16
Q

Each arch associated with a

A

CN, cartilaginous structures, blood vessels and muscles ​

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17
Q

gross anatomy of Ph A1 (pharangeal arch 1)

A

Made up of 2 bumps- first bump (dorsal- maxillary), second bump (ventral- mandibular)

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18
Q

Maxillary prominence

A
  • Dorsal portion
  • Becomes future maxilla zygomatic bone and temporal bone
  • Associated with maxillary cartilage- gives rise to incus
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19
Q

Mandibular prominence

A
  • Ventral portion
  • Becomes future mandible
  • Associated with Meckel’s cartilage
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20
Q

summarise Ph A1 cartilage

A
  • Maxillary cartilage (first bump)
    • Gives rise to incus
  • Meckel’s cartilage (second bump)
    • Mandible cartilage
      • Gives rise to malleus
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21
Q

arterial supply of Ph A1

A
  • Becomes the terminal portion of the maxillary artery- branch of external carotid
22
Q

CN associated with Ph A1

A
  • CN 5- trigeminal
    • Sensory filed
      • Skin on face
      • Lining of mouth and nose
    • General sensation
      • Anterior 2/3 of tongue
23
Q

Ph A1 Associated muscles

A
  • Muscles of mastication
  • Mylohyoid
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Tensor veli palatani
  • Tensor tympani
24
Q

summarise Ph A2 cartilage

A
  • Reichert’s
    • Stapes
    • Styloid process
    • Stylohyoid ligament
    • Upper part of hyoid
25
Q

arterial supply of Ph A2

A
  • Stapedial artery- regresses before birth
  • Hyoid artery- gives rise to corticotympanic artery in adult
26
Q

CN associated with Ph A2

A
  • CN 7 – facial nerve
    • Special sensory- taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue (via chorda tympani)
27
Q

Ph A2 associated muscles

A
  • Muscles of facial expression
  • Stapedius (nerve to stapedius)
  • Stylohyoid
  • Platysma
  • Posterior belly of digastric
28
Q

Summarise Ph A3 cartilage

A
  • Remainder of hyoid
29
Q

arterial suppy of Ph A3

A
  • Internal carotid
30
Q

CN associated with Ph A3

A
  • CN 9- glossopharyngeal
    • Sensory function- taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3rd of tongue
31
Q

Ph A3 associated muscles

A

Stylopharngeus

32
Q

Ph A4 Cartilage

*

A
  • Cartilage of the larynx
    • Thyroid cartilage
    • Corniculate cartilage
    • Cuneiform cartilage
33
Q
A
34
Q

Ph A4 arterial supply

A
  • Arch of aorta (L) and subclavian artery(R)
35
Q

Ph A4 CN

A
  • CN 10- Vagus (superior laryngeal branch)
36
Q

Ph A4 associated muscles

A
  • Pharyngeal constrictors
  • Cricothyroid
  • Levator palatini
37
Q

Ph A6 Cartilage

A

Cartilage of the larynx

38
Q

Ph A6 Arterial supply

A
  • Pulmonary arch
    • Pulmonary arteries (R)
    • Ductus arteriosus (L)
39
Q

Ph A6 associated CN

A
  • CN 10- Vagus
    • Recurrent laryngeal branch
      • Sensory field
        • Taste sensation from epiglottis and pharynx
        • General sensation in pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, tympanic membrane, externa auditory meatus and part of the external ear
        • Gag reflex
        • Parasympathetic innervation to viscera
40
Q

Ph A6 associated muscles

A
  • Pharyngeal constrictors
  • Intrinsic muscle of the larynx (except cricothyroid)
41
Q

pharangeal pouch associated with 1st arch derivatives

A

eustachian tube and middle ear cavity

42
Q

pharangeal pouch associated with 2st arch derivatives

A

lining of the palatine tonsils

43
Q

pharangeal pouch associated with 3rd arch derivatives

A
  • dorsal- inferior parathyroid gland
  • ventral- thymus
44
Q

pharangeal pouch associated with 4th arch derivatives

A

dorsal- supeiror parathyroid glands

ventral- ultimobranchial body (C cells)

45
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft form?

A

External auditory meatus

46
Q

Which pharyngeal arch contributes to Reichert’s cartilage?

A
  • 2nd
47
Q
A
48
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?

  • Aortic arch
  • Laryngeal cartilages
  • Superior laryngeal nerve
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve
A
  • Aortic arch
  • Laryngeal cartilages
  • Superior laryngeal nerve
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerve
49
Q

summary of the cartilages associated with each arch

A
50
Q

1.

A

development of head and neck

51
Q
A

B

52
Q

CN associated with arches 1-6

A

to feel good so regularly

arch 1: CN V (trigeminal)

arch 2: CN VII (facial)

arch 3: CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

arch 4: CN X (superior laryngeal branch of the vagus)

arch 6: CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus)

Head and neck (51 decks)

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