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_a-level biology > Chapter 2.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

what do nucleic acid group includes

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

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2
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule has a double helix structure and carries genetic information

A

a double helix structure

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3
Q

What does the DNA carry

A

carries genetic information

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4
Q

NUCLEOTIDE STRUCUTRE

An individual nucleotide of the DNA moleculemade up of three components

A
  • A pentose sugar (deoxyribose) (so called because it has five carbon atoms)
  • A phosphate group
  • A nitrogen-containing organic base. These are: cytosine C, thymine T, uracil, U, adenine A and guanine G.
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5
Q
  1. What molecules joined together to form a mononucleotide

2. What type of reaction forms a mononucleotide?

A
  1. The pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group and organic base
  2. condensation reactions, to form a single nucleotide (mononucleotide).
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6
Q
  1. What type of reaction joins the two mononucleotides together.
  2. Where do two mononucleotides join together
A
  1. The two mononucleotides are joined together between the deoxyribose sugar of one mononucleotide and the phosphate group of another.
  2. Two mononucleotides may be joined as a result of a condensation reaction
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7
Q

What bond is formed between the deoxyribose sugar on one mononucleotide and the phosphate group of another?

A

a phosphodiester bond

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8
Q

What is formed when two mononucleotides join togethes

A

a dinucleotide

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9
Q

What structure is called when lots of mononucleotides and dinucleotides join together?

A

a polynucleotide

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10
Q
  1. Is ribonucleic acid polymer? Ribonucleic
  2. What is the chain like a RNA?
  3. What are the bases on RNA?
  4. What is the sugar on RNA?
A
  1. Ribonucleic acid is a polymer made up of nucleotides
  2. The RNA chain is a single, relatively short polynucleotide chain
  3. Ribonucleic acid is a polymer made up of nucleotides. It is a single, relatively short, polynucleotide chain in which the pentose sugar is a ribose sugar
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11
Q

1.How many type of RNA are there?

What are the types of RNA?

A
  1. 3
    tRNA
    mRNA
    rRNA
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12
Q
  1. What does mRNA do?
  2. What does rRNA do?
  3. What does tRNA do?
A
  1. One type transfers genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes
  2. Another type makes up the ribosomes themselves with other proteins
  3. The last type is involved in protein synthesis - are responsible for matching amino acids with the appropriate codons in mRNA, in the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain
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13
Q

1.Where are all 3 types of RNA made?

Where are all 3 types of RNA’s roles? made in the uses, but its roles are within the cytoplasm and ribosomes

A
  1. Made in the uses

2. But its roles are within the cytoplasm and ribosomes

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14
Q

Which scientists worked out the structure if DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick worked out DNA structure after Franklin took a ground breaking picture showing the structure of DNA.

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15
Q

1.Whats the sugar is DNA Pentose sugar
2.What are the bases in DNA?
3.DNA is made up how many strands of DNA? Made up of two strands of nucleotides (polynucleotides)
4.What bonds hold the DNA structure together?
5. How many strands are in DNA?
6.Are the strands long?
Strands are very long and are joined together by hydrogen bonds formed between T and A, and C and G
- DNA is double strande

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Bases of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
  3. Made up of two strands of nucleotides (polynucleotides)
  4. joined together by hydrogen bonds formed between T and A, and C and G
  5. 2 it is double stranded
  6. Yes very long
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16
Q

What bases are complementary in DNA?

A
  • Adenine always pairs with thymine

* Guanine always pairs with cytosine

17
Q

In DNA are the quantities of bases the same and are the ratio of Adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine are the same in every organism and type of organism? Due to this, there is always the same amount of adenine to thymine and the same amount of guanine to cytosine. However the ratio of adenine and thymine to guanine and cytosine varies from species to species?

A

Yes, the quantities of adenine to thymine are the same and amount of guanine to cytosine are the same, this means that there is always 1 adenine base to 1 thymine base and always 1 cytosine base to 1 guanine base in every type of organism and every organism. However the ratio of adenine and thymine to guanine and cytosine varies from species to species, this means there is not the same number of types of base pairs in every species

18
Q
  1. How many polynucleotide chains are twisted to form a double helix?
  2. What forms in the double helix?
  3. What does the structural backbone protect?
A
  1. 2 polynucleotide chains are twisted
  2. They form a structural backbone
  3. The structural backbone to protect the bases in the DNA structure.

_a-level biology (12 decks)

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