Lecture 18: Bood Histology

Question 1

What is blood made of?

Answer 1

• Plasma
• Cells
  
  • Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
  • Leukocytes: White Blood Cells
  • Thrombodytes: Platelets

Question 2

What are the functions of the blood?

Answer 2

• Deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cell
• Transport waste and CO₂ from the cells
• Deliver hormones, regulatory substances, and immune system cells
• Maintain Homeostasis
  
  • Buffer
  • Coagulation
  • Thermoregulation

Question 3

What is a hematocrit?

What is expected value for men and women?

Answer 3

• Volume of Red Blood Cells in a sample of blood
  
  • Male: 39-50%
  • Female: 35-45%
• Leukocytes and Platelets only consist 1%

Question 4

What does blood plasma do?

Answer 4

• Acts as a solvent for:
  
  • Proteins
  • Nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases
  • Waste
• Interstitial Fluid
  
  • Surrounds cells

Question 5

What are some important Plasma Proteins?

Answer 5

• Albumin
• Fibrinogen
• Globulins

Question 6

What roles does albumin play?

Answer 6

• Albumin: Main protien made in liver
  
  • Source of Colloid osmotic pressure
    
    • Pulls fluid into blood
  • Maintains concentration gradient b/w blood and extracellular tissue fluid
  • Carrier protein for:
    
    • Thyroxine
    • Bilirubin
    • Barbiturates

Question 7

What roles does fibrinogen play?

Answer 7

• Fibrinogen: largest plasma protien
  
  • Formation of platelet plug
    
    • interacts with thrombin
  • Fibrin cross-links to prevent further blood loss

Question 8

What roles does globulin play?

Answer 8

• Globulins
  
  • ​Immunoglobluins (γ globulins)
    
    • IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
  • Non-immune globules (α and β globulins)
    
    • Maintain osmotic pressure
    • Carrier Proteins

Question 9

Erythroycte

What are its features?

What is its function?

Answer 9

• Biconcave disk and flexible
• Binds oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 10

Reticulocytes

What are its features?

What is its function?

Answer 10

• Immature RBC
  
  • will stain blue due to ribosomal RNA

Question 11

What can cause anemia?

Answer 11

• Decreased Hemoglobin Levels or RBC count
• Insufficient dietary iron, Vit B12, or Folic Acid
• Symptoms: weakness, fatigue, loss of energy

Question 12

What causes sickle cell diease?

Answer 12

• Point Mutation in B-globulin
  
  • glutamic acid –> valine
• Low Oxygen
• RBC break down easier

Question 13

What can cause jaundice?

Answer 13

• Buildup of bilirubin in blood
• Destruction of circulating RBC

Question 14

What leukocytes are considered granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Answer 14

Granulocytes

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils

Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes

Question 15

How can you recognize neutrophils?

What granules does it have?

Answer 15

• Multi-lobed nuclues
• Lack of cytoplasmic staining
• Granules:
  
  • Azurophilic: lysosomes containing MPO
  • Specific granules for enzymes, activators, and peptides

Question 16

What is diapedesis?

Answer 16

Passage of WBC to area of damage or infection

Question 17

How can you recognize eosinophil?

Answer 17

• Bi-lobed nuclues
• Acidophilic staining: intensly pink or red

Question 18

How can you recognize basophil?

Answer 18

• Multi-lobed nuclues
• Very granular
• Staining: intensly purple

Question 19

How can you recognize lymphocyte?

Answer 19

• Spherical Nucleus
• Pale blue rim of cytoplasm

Question 20

How can you recognize monocyte?

Answer 20

• Horse-shoe shaped nucleus
• Pale Cytoplasm

Question 21

How can you recognize thrombocyte?

Answer 21

• Small
• Membrane bound, cytoplasmic fragments