Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are chemical agents (drugs)?

A

Substances that interact with a specific target within a biological system to produce a physiological effect

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2
Q

What is heroin?

A

Diamorphine

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3
Q

What is mechanism of heroin?

A

Acts on mu-opioid receptors, that are spread in discrete groups throughout the brain spinal cord and gut.

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4
Q

What are the target regions for Heroin?

A

Peri-aqueductal grey region
Ventral tegmental area
Solitary nucleus

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5
Q

What is the function of the peri-aqueductal grey region?

A

Responsible for pain organisation (Analgesia)

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6
Q

What region is responsible for euphoria?

A

Ventral tegmental area, innate reward pathway

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the solitary nucleus?

A

Irritant information of sensory neurones in airways

Cough suppression

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8
Q

What principle do drugs abide?

A

Principle of selectivity by binding onto specific target proteins: Receptors, enzymes, transport proteins and ion channels

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9
Q

What are the two main functions of drugs?

A

Enhance activation or prevent activation

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10
Q

What is the function of Atorvastatin?

A

Substrate that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, rate limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of Amlodipine?

A

Calcium channel blocker, stops contraction ,vasoconstriction is reduced lowering blood pressure

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12
Q

What receptor does Salbutamol bind to?

A

Beta-2 adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of Salbutamol?

A

Binds to beta-2 adrenergic receptors (Stimulatory G protein) on bronchial smooth muscle cell, within the airways

Dilates trachea, enhance activation

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14
Q

What is the function of Citalopram?

A

Used for depression, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Blocks transport protein from removing serotonin from the synapse

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15
Q

Which three molecules resemble stereochemical similarities?

A

Dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline

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16
Q

What are endogenous substances?

A

Delivered directly to receptors

17
Q

What is the problem with drug administration?

A

Generalised effect due to entering systemic circulation, thus has potential to influence alternative receptors

18
Q

What is a side effect?

A

Effect produced by the drug that is secondary to the intended effect
Can exert deleterious consequences are termed as adversed effect

19
Q

What are off-target effects?

A

Binds to alternative receptors and expresses secondary effect

20
Q

What is pramipexole?

A

Dopamine receptor agonist

21
Q

Why do endogenous substances have a rapid acute effect?

A

Metabolised relatively quickly

22
Q

What receptor sites can pramipexole bind to?

A

Serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine

23
Q

What occurs during increasing dosage?

A

Results in stimulation of alternative receptors, stimulates further responses and off-target effects

24
Q

What are the safest drugs?

A

Large difference between the dose required to induce the desired effect

Dose required to induce adverse effects