Definition and terms

Question 1

What are the 3 Cs of medical ethics?

Answer 1

Consent
      ➥voluntary and informed
      ➥either written, verbal or implied
      ➥needed before any medical procedure
      ➥can be withdrawn at anytime
Capacity 
      ➥understanding info
      ➥retaining information
      ➥weighing up risks, benefits and alternatives
      ➥communicating a reasoned decision
Competence
      ➥having the ability to make a decision

Question 2

Four pillars of medical ethics?

Answer 2

Beneficence
➥means to “do good”
➥when making a decision you should evaluate what would be best for the individual (holistically)
➥weighing up risks, benefits of any potential action

Non-maleficence
➥means “do no harm”
➥when making a decision, you must not cause harm to the patient either directly or indirectly

Autonomy
➥it is up to the patient to make decisions regarding their own treatment
➥patients have a right to control what happens to the bodies

Justice
➥means behaviour that is “morally right and fair”
➥fair distribution of a limited resources

Question 3

Other principles of medical ethics

Answer 3

➥clinical need
➥maximising utility
➥fairness
➥just deserts (prioritising the most deserving)

Question 4

What is primary care?

Answer 4

First point of contact in NHS

Primary care includes:
      ➥general practice
      ➥community pharmacy
      ➥dental
      ➥optometry services.

Question 5

What is secondary care?

Answer 5

Treatment by specialists to whom a patient has been referred by primary care facilities

Question 6

What is tertiary care?

Answer 6

Consists of complex procedures given that has highly trained specialists and often advanced technology.

Usually for rare or complex conditions

Question 7

What is NICE

Answer 7

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Publishes guidelines in four areas:
➥the use of health technologies within the National Health Service and within NHS Wales
➥clinical practice
➥guidance for public sector workers on health promotion and ill-health avoidance
➥guidance for social care services and users.

Question 8

What is Health Education England?

Answer 8

Provide national leadership and coordination for the education and training within the health and public health workforce within England since 2012

Question 9

What is CQC?

Answer 9

Care Quality Commission

Regulatory body for:
      ➥hospitals
      ➥care homes
      ➥GP surgeries
      ➥other care services (e.g. home care providing personal care)

Question 10

7 key principles of the NHS

Answer 10

➥Patient first
➥Free, priority to those with clinical need
➥Comprehensive Services
➥Professional + excellent standards
➥Accountable to the public, community and patients
➥Works across organisational boundaries
➥Best value for taxpayers money

Question 11

6 values of the NHS constitution

Answer 11

➥Teamwork
      ➥Respect and Dignity
      ➥Commitment to Quality of Care
      ➥Compassion and Empathy
      ➥Positively improving lives
      ➥Everyone counts