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Endocrine and Reproductive system > Endocrinology of the menstrual cycle > Flashcards

Endocrinology of the menstrual cycle Flashcards

1
Q

When throughout life does GnRH activity increase

A

Puberty in females

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2
Q

what does FSH do

A

follicle stimulating hormone - stimulates growth of egg before ovulation

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3
Q

what does LH do

A

lutinising hormone trigger release of the egg

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4
Q

what does the ovarian follicle secrete

A

oestrogen( increase LH)

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5
Q

what is the endometrium

A

inner lining the uterus - each month it thickens then if no pregnancy it sheds in a process called menstruation. if contraception occurs the embryo implants in the endometrium

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6
Q

what do the ovaries do

A

glands that produce egg and hormones - contain follicles and attached to the uterus by the Fallopian tubes - made of ovarian follicles like eggs in a sac

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7
Q

what is contained inside an ovarian follicle

A

oocyte and cells that release oestrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

during the development of the ovarian follicle what type of follicle contains the primary oocyte

A

primordial follicle

13-50 years

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9
Q

what part of meiosis is the primary follicle rested in

A

prophase 1

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10
Q

what does the graphian follicle contain

A

secondary oocyte

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11
Q

how does the second devision need to be completed

A

ovum needs to be fertilised

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12
Q

how long does the follicular phase last

A

1-7/8days

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13
Q

in the follicular phase what hormone determines what regulation should be applied by negative feedback

A

oestrogen

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14
Q

what hormone inhibits cells that make FSH

A

inhibin

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15
Q

in the late follicular phase when 1 follicle is secreted wha hormone is produced in high levels

A

oestrogen

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16
Q

when the amount of oestrogen changes in a system what does oestrogen do

A

changes to psotivie feedback and increased production of other hormones so have surge in LH and FSH

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17
Q

why is the FSH surge not as high as the LH surge in the late follicular phase

A

because inhibin is produced from the mature follicle/graphian to negatively inhibits FSH producing cells

18
Q

What hormone starts meiosis in oocyte and acitvates the endomeitrium and dissolves the follicle and promotes vascular leakage causing it to swell and rupture causing ovulation to occur so oestrogen levels plummet

A

LH

19
Q

When a mature follicle ruptures what does it release

A

secondary oocyte and a polar body

20
Q

how does a corpus luteum form

what does it secrete

A

remnants of the ruptured follicle - lutinization
appears yellow
progesterone - dominant

21
Q

what does progesterone do

A

inhibits FSH and LH so stops further follicle development and ovulation in the current cycle
prepares uterus for pregnancy

22
Q

in the luteal phase what hormones are stimulating

A

progesterone - keep LH and FSh down

oestrogen - moderate positive feedback but not as dominant

23
Q

if fertilisation does not occur what happens

what happens to CL
and hormones

A 
CL degenerates 
progesterone falls
uterus loses endocrine support 
menstruation 
FSH and LH get to work again
24
Q

if fertilisation does occur what happens

what hormone maintains the CL

A

CL maintained by hCG ( human chorionic gonadotrophin) - maternal recognition of pregnancy produced by trophoblast cells surrounding a growing embryo which eventually forms placenta and become cl of pregnancy
maintains uterine lining until placenta takes over at 3 months

25
Q

what is the chorion

A

double layered membrane formed by trophoblast cells and the extra-embryonic mesoderm

26
Q

what is the function of combined hormonal contraceptives CHC

A

inhibit ovulation - oestrogen and progesterone no surge of others so no ovulation
have contraceptive effect on cervical mucus and endometrium too
oestrogen causes endometrium to proliferate and grow
progesterone prevents hyperplasia ( excessive growth) of Endometrium

27
Q

Which one of the phases represents the changes in ovaries during menstrual cycle?

A

Follciluar phase

Menstrual and secretory are changes in the uterus

High concentration of oestrogen is responsible for the LH surge which causes ovulation during the middle of menstrual cycle.

28
Q

Which hormone specifically inhibits Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

inhibin

29
Q

How does low concentration of oestrogen regulates hormone production by hypothalamus and pituitary in early follicular phase?

A

Through negative feedback

Positive feedback later on

30
Q

High concentration of oestrogen is responsible for the LH surge which causes ovulation during the middle of menstrual cycle. true or false

A

True- grpahian follicle for prodcution of follicle brining back postive feedback - repsobilbe for ovulation (lH)

31
Q

Which hormone has a dominating effect on controlling GnRH, FSH and LH production in the Luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

Both esotrgne and progesterone are produced in the luteal phase

32
Q

what are the two layers of the uterus

A

endometrium - internal layer

myometrium - external smooth muscle layer

33
Q

what does oestrogen prepare

A

Oestrogen prepares the way:

promotes growth of endometrium & myometrium
promotes formation of progesterone receptors

34
Q

in the luteal phase progesterone acts on oestrogen - primed endometrium to do what

A

Loosens and softens connective tissue - makes implantation easier
Promotes secretion of nutrients (glycogen)
Quietens uterine activity

35
Q

what happens if fertilisation dosent occur be specific

what happens to vessels to cause tissue death

A

No occupants..no hCG so Corpus Lutem degenerates
Progesterone (and oestrogen) support lost
Uterine prostaglandins → vasoconstriction → tissue death
Blood and endometrial debris (menses) lost through vagina

36
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

painful periods

37
Q

Menorrhagia

A

heavy or prolonged periods

38
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of periods (primary or secondary)

39
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

light periods

40
Q

explain the mechanism of action of the combined pill

A

low dose of oestrogen descrease FSH production, decreased development of the follicle and no ovulation.

progesterone makes the cervical mucus sperm unfriendly
decreased LH from the anterior pituitary
decreased GnRH from hypothalamus
decreased motility of Fallopian tube

41
Q

what is the progesterone only pill

A

Low dose progestogen taken continuously
(e.g. either norethisterone or levonorgestrel).
Makes cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm.
Hinders implantation
through its effect on the endometrium and on the motility and secretions of the fallopian tubes.
Menstruation
often ceases initially but usually returns with prolonged use.
Main adverse effects
Breakthrough bleeding and irregular menses.

Endocrine and Reproductive system (21 decks)

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