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Pharmacy Calculations And Body System Theory > chapter 23 Endicore System > Flashcards

chapter 23 Endicore System Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Insulin resistance

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2
Q

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Decrease in ADH

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3
Q

Cause of pituitary dwarfism

A

Decrease in childhood GH

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4
Q

Estrogen replacement drug derived from the urine of a pregnant mare

A

Premarin

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5
Q

Synthetic progesterone known as progestin

A

Depo-provera

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6
Q

Side effect of anabolic steroids in women only

A

Amenorrhea

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7
Q

Humalog is a ____ acting insulin

A

Rapid

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8
Q

Propylthiouracil is a treatment for

A

Hyperthyrpidism

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable and constant environment

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10
Q

Polydipsia

A

Ingestion of abnormally large amounts of fluid

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11
Q

Negative feed back

A

Process which the body is able to return to homeostasis

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12
Q

Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

A

Clcocorticoides and mineralocorticoides

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13
Q

Pituitary gigantism

A

Condition resulting from excess of GH in childhood, causing the child to grow excessively and to be bigger in all areas of the body (height, weight, size)

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14
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excessive secretion of GH during adult years, characterized by enlarged breed bones, hands, feet and jaws with prominent forehead and large nose

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15
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Results from insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency

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16
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Affects 4% of pregnant women

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17
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Body fails to produce insulin

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18
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Body is exposed to high levels of cortisol for long periods of time

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19
Q

Graves’ disease also known as

A

Thyroid eye disease or thyroidorbitopathy

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20
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol, in some cases aldosterone

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21
Q

Goiter is caused by

A

Decrease in iodine

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22
Q

Endocrine system

A

Internal communication system that consists of hypothalamus, pituitary gland, other hormone-producing cells and glands, hormones, and receptors

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23
Q

Major driving force of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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24
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Controls thyroid parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads.

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25
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls activity of pituitary gland

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26
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes hormones and digestive enzymes

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27
Q

Hormones

A

Messengers to the cells though the bloodstream

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28
Q

Two groups of hormones

A

Steroids, peptides and amines

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29
Q

Steroids

A

Slow-acting
Long lasting
Names usually end in rone (testosterone, progesterone)

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30
Q

Peptides and amines

A

Made of protein
Fast acting
Short lived
Include insulin and ADH

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31
Q

Feedback control

A

Hormones are secreted only when levels are low based on feedback control

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32
Q

Releasing factors

A

Hormones sent to the pituitary gland to stimulate the release of hormones produced in the anterior lobe

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33
Q

Tropic hormone

A

Growth hormone, stimulating hormone: stimulate glands to produce other hormones or perform an activity

34
Q

Oxytocin and anti diuretic hormone (ADH) produced in the

A

Hypothalamus, stores in the posterior lobe of pituitary gland

35
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine (TH)

36
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

Stimulates adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

37
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone stimulates

A

Growth hormone (GH)

38
Q

Somatosatin inhibits

A

Growth hormone (GH)

39
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates

A

Both luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH

40
Q

Pineal gland

A

Small pine cone shaped area in the brain responsible for producing hormones, main hormone is melatonin - responsible for sleep and wake cycles

41
Q

FSH/LH stimulates

A

Gonads (gametogenesis and steroid production)

42
Q

GH is sent to all body parts for

A

Linear growth and intermediate metabolism

43
Q

ACTH is sent to adrenal gland to

A

Cause growth of adrenal cortex ad synthesis and secretion of cortisol

44
Q

Prolactin stimulates

A

Mammary gland to produce milk during and after pregnancy

45
Q

Somatomammotrophs

A

Somatotrophs - GH or somatropin

Mammotrophs - lacotrophs or PRL

46
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Thyrotrophs - THS or thyrotropin
Gonadotrophs - LH and FSH
Corticotrophs - ACTH or corticotropin
Pro - opiomealnocortin - ACTH, LPH, endorphins

47
Q

Thyroid

A

Small gland in front of the neck made up of two lobes along windpipe connected by the isthmus.

48
Q

Two types of cells make up thyroid tissue

A

Follicular cells - secrete iodine containing hormone called thyroxine (T4) And triiodothyronine (T3)
Parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin

49
Q

T3 vs T4

A

Thyroid produces about 80% T4 and about 20% T3 but T3 possesses about four times the strength of T4

50
Q

Iodine is needed by

A

The thyroid gland

51
Q

T4 & T3 are made from

A

Combined iodine and amino acid tyrosine

52
Q

Thyroid affects the body and functions of growth such as

A

Thermogenesis, growth and development, nervous system, heart

53
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Help control amount of blood calcium in the body and how much calcium the body produces

54
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Located in upper part of each kidney, inner part known as adrenal medulla and outer part known as adrenal cortex

55
Q

Adrenal medulla secretes

A

Epinephrine

56
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes

A

Corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)

57
Q

Adrenocorticosteroids

A

Corticosteroids or simply steroids

58
Q

Glucocorticosteroids

A

Treat inflammation, or allergic conditions

59
Q

Three factors induce the hypothalamus to secrete release of ACTH

A

Sleep - wake cycle
Stress
Negative feed back

60
Q

Glucocorticoids regulate

A

Metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins

61
Q

Mineralcorticoids regulate

A

Electrolyte or salt and fluid balance of the body

62
Q

Aldosterone

A

Most important mineralocorticoid, SOA is in the distal tubules of the kidneys, this hormone increases reabsorption of sodium ions

63
Q

Gonads

A

GnRH is released by hypothalamus that precipitates the onset o sexual maturity in both male and females and normal reproduction. Stimulates production of sex hormones.

64
Q

Female sex hormones

A

Estrogen is responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics as well as formation of osteoblasts, inhibition of osteoclasts, and bone loss.
Progesterone prepares uterine lining
Oxytocin stimulates uterus to start contracting at beginning of labor
Prolactin signals mammary gland to produce milk

65
Q

Male sex hormones (androgens)

A

Masculinization hormone, testosterone produced in testes. Major function is development of male sex organs and maintain secondary sex characteristics of the male.
Progesterone helps in maintaining healthy prostate

66
Q

After menopause

A

Estrogen is most active estrogen, made in adrenal gland only

67
Q

Estrogens

A

Reduce LDL and increase HDL, reduce risk of MI and stroke, have bone promoting effects

68
Q

Testosterone also produces

A

An anabolic effect that promotes synthesis and retention of proteins for muscle and bone

69
Q

FDA approved steroid uses

A

Weight gain for chronic conditions
Relief of bone pain associated with osteoporosis
Corticosteroid induced catabolism
Hereditary angiodemea
Severe antimetastic breast cancer
Hypogonadism (HRT replacement)
Stimulate puberty in boys who are late starting puberty naturally
Cryptochidism (failure of one or both testicles to descend)

70
Q

Angioedema

A

Autosomal dominant disorder, reoccurring episodes of swelling of the face, extremities, genitalia, bowel wall, upper respiratory tract, caused by defiant or nonfunctional C1 esterase inhibitor

71
Q

Risk and benefits of HRT

A

Risk: estrogen increases risk of blood clots, gallbladder disease, uterine cancers, breast cancer
Benefit: relief from hot flashes, insomnia, fatigue, irritability

72
Q

Priapism

A

Painful, extended duration erection

73
Q

Side effects of anabolic steroids

A

Edema, weight gain
Jaundice due to increased concentration of bilirubin in liver
Hepatic carcinoma after prolonged used
High cholesterol and associated diseases
Increased or decreased libido
Chills
decreased glucose tolerance
Increased serum levels of LDL decreased levels of HDL
Increases excretion of creatine and creatinine

74
Q

High levels of testosterone in women

A 
Acne
Facial hair
Increase in body hair (permanent)
Deepening of voice (permanent)
Amenorrhea or menstrual irregularities
Enlargement of clitoris (permanent)
Uterine atrophy
Shrinkage of breast size
Masculinization of female fetuses in pregnant women
75
Q

High levels of testosterone in men

A 
Infertility
Impotence 
Increase frequency of erections
Prepubertal penis enlargement
Testicular atrophy (shrinkage)
Decline in testicular function and decrease in spermatogensis
Decrease in seminal volume
Chromic priapism
Epidymitis
Bladder irritability
Gynecomastia (enlarged breast) and nipple tenderness
76
Q

Hyperparthyroidism

A

Condition that includes an increased amount of parathyroid hormone (PHT)

77
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Does not produce enough of either T3 or T4

78
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Non functioning of the parathyroid gland

79
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Lack of calcium in body leads to weak and brittle bones

80
Q

Cretinism

A

Under active thyroid gland, caused by lack of fetal or childhood TH secretion, may also be due to lack of iodine

81
Q

Myxedema (secondary hypothyroidism)

A

Deficiency of TH due to the lack of secretion of TSH by pituitary gland or lack of TRH from hypothalamus

Pharmacy Calculations And Body System Theory (8 decks)

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