Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiology > Valve Disease > Flashcards

Valve Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of the aortic valve?

A

3 leaflets - left, right and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does the aortic valve open?

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when does the aortic valve close?

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens to a valve in stenosis?

A

doesn’t open all the way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what happens to a valve in regurgitation?

A

doesn’t close all the way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how far does the aortic valve open in stenosis compared to normal

A

<1cm vs 3-4cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the pathophysiology of aortic stenosis?

A

Mechanical stress or repeated inflammation over time which damages endothelial cells around the valves causing fibrosis an calcification
Valves become stiff and can’t open as easy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the impact on the heart in aortic stenosis?

A

left ventricle has to generate higher pressure to get same amount of blood through valve, undergoes hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes the murmur in aortic stenosis?

A

• Since the blood has to flow though a narrow opening theres turbulence which creates a noise or a murmur which initially gets louder as more blood passes through the opening and then quitter as the amount of blood flowing subsides because less remains in the ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the causes of aortic stenosis?

A

Congenital - bicuspid valve, Williams syndrome
Senile Calcification
Age
Chronic Rheumatic Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what murmur is heard in aortic stenosis?

A

Ejection Systolic murmur

crescendo-descendo murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what other clinical features are present in aortic stenosis?

A 
Syncope, dyspnoea, fatigue 
Slow rising pulse with narrow pulse pressure difference
Heave - apex beat not displaced
Signs of HF
AF 
Angina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what three investigations can be done for aortic stenosis?

A

ECG, doppler echo, cardiac catheterisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what features are present in the ECG of someone with aortic stenosis?

A

o L – LBBB – due do calcification
o L – Left Axis Deviation
o L – LVH
o P – Poor R wave progression (i.e. depolarisation of the ventricles is slow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the pressures of the different types of aortic stenosis?

A

o 0 mmHg – normal valve
o <30 mmHg – mild aortic stenosis
o 30-50 mmHg – moderate aortic stenosis
o >50 mmHg – severe aortic stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the management of aortic stenosis?

A

valve replacement (prosthetic or metal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the complications associated with aortic stenosis?

A

HF, Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the acute causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

infective endocarditis, ascending aortic dissection, chest trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the chronic causes of aortic regurgitation?

A

congenital, connective tissue dsorders (marfaans, ehlers-danlos), rheumatic fever, Takayasu arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, SLe, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, appetite suppressants, seronegative arthroceles (ankylosing spondylitis, reiters syndrome, psoriatic arthropathic), hypertension, osteogenesis imperfecta, syphilitic aortitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a common cause of aortic regurgitation?

A

aortic root dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the mechanism of aortic regurgitation?

A

valve does not close properly causing blood to flow back from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole or ventricular filling

22
Q

what causes the murmur heard in aortic regurgitation

A

early decrescendo murmur caused by the flood flowing back through the valve

23
Q

what are the two consequences of aortic regurgitation?

A

Hyperdynamic circulation

Eccentric Ventricular Hypertrophy

24
Q

How does aortic regurgitation cause hyperdynamic circulation?

A
  • Systole more blood pumped out of the heart requires more pressure, so systolic blood pressure increases
  • Diastole if theres less blood volume in the aorta as some leaks back down, which means diastolic BP decreased
  • A higher systolic BP and lower diastolic BP means an increase in pulse pressure
25
Q

How does aortic regurgitation cause ventricular hypertrophy?

A

Since the bloods leaking back into the left ventricle, the left ventricular blood volume increases which increases the stroke volume

26
Q

what murmur is heard in aortic regurgitation?

A

mid-systolic flow murmur with additional diastolic sound

Radiates to neck?

27
Q

what other signs can be present in aortic regurgitation?

A
  • Corrigans sign – carotid pulsation
  • De Mussets sign – head nodding with heart beat
  • Quinkes signs – capillary bed pulsation
  • Duroziezs sign – compressing femoral artery causes murmur
  • Traubes – pistol shot sound over femoral arteries
28
Q

what investigations can be done for aortic regurgitation?

A 
ECG
LVH
CXR: cardiomegaly, dilatated ascending aorta, pulmonary oedema
Echo – diagnostic
Cardiac catherization
29
Q

what investigations can be done for aortic regurgitation?

A 
ECG
LVH
CXR
Echo 
Cardiac catherization
30
Q

what is the treatment for aortic regurgitation?

A

valve replacement

31
Q

what features will be seen on CXR of someone with aortic regurgitation

A

cardiomegaly, dilatated ascending aorta, pulmonary oedema

32
Q

which investigation is diagnostic in aortic regurgitation?

A

echo

33
Q

what are the causes of tricuspid regurgitation

A
  • Functional: RV dilation e.g. due to pulmonary hypertension induced by LV failure
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Infective endocarditis
  • Carcinoid syndrome
  • Congenital (e.g. ASV, AV canal, ebsteins anomaly
  • Drugs (ergot-derived dopamine agonists
34
Q

what murmur is heard in tricuspid regurgitation?

A

• Pansystolic murmur heard best at lower sternal edge in inspiration

35
Q

What clinical features are present in tricuspid regurgitation?

A

Fatigue, Ascites, Oedema
Dunspnoea and orthopnoea if LV
Giant V waves and prominent y descent in JVP
RV heave
Liver pain, pulsatile hepatomegaly, jaundice

36
Q

what is the management of tricuspid regurgitation?

A

valve replacement

37
Q

what is the cause of tricuspid stenosis?

A
  • Rheumatic fever

* Also congenital, infective endocarditis

38
Q

what are the clinical features of tricuspid stenosis?

A

Fatigue, Ascites, Oedema
Giant a wave and slow y descent in JVP
Opening snap
AF

39
Q

what is the management of tricuspid stenosis?

A
  • Diuretics

* Surgical repair

40
Q

what murmur is heard in tricuspid stenosis?

A

early diastolic murmur heard at left sternal edge in inspiration

41
Q

what are the congenital causes of pulmonary stenosis?

A

turners, noonans, Williams, Fallots, rubella

42
Q

what are the acquired causes of pulmonary stenosis?

A

rheumatic fever, carcinoid syndrome

43
Q

what murmur is heard in pulmonary stenosis

A

ejection systolic murmur (radiates down left shoulder)

Widely split S2

44
Q

what are the clinical features of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Dyspnoea, Fatigue, Oedema, Ascites
Dysmorphic facies
Prominent a wave in JVP
RV heave

45
Q

what investigations can be used for pulmonary stenosis?

A

ECG, echo, CXR, cardiac catherization

46
Q

which investigation is diagnostic of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Cardiac catherization

47
Q

What can the ECG features of pulmonary stenosis show?

A

RAD, p-pulmonale, RVH, RBBB

48
Q

what are the features of CXR of pulmonary stenosis?

A

prominent main, right or left pulmonary arteries cause by post stenotic dilation

49
Q

what is the management of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Pulmonary valvuloplasty or valvotomy

50
Q

what murmur is heard in pulmonary regurgitation?

A

descencdo murmur is heard in early diastole at the left sternal edge

51
Q

what is the cause of pulmonary regurgitation?

A

pulmonary hypertension

Cardiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions