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CVD > 3. ECG > Flashcards

3. ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What is responsible for the P wave form?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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2
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

Delay at AV node

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3
Q

How long should the PR interval last?

A

.1 second

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4
Q

What does the Q wave represent?

A

Left bundle branch depolarising the intraventricular septum

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5
Q

Why is the Q wave deflected negatively?

A

Moves from left heart to right heart so causes negative deflection as it moves towards negative electrode

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6
Q

What does the QRS wave represent and why is it shown as positive?

A

Depolarisation of the ventricles

Left ventricle is bigger than right so mean vector is towards positive electrode

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7
Q

What is the S wave?

A

Depolarisation moves upwards and around ventricles, causing a negative deflection as they move away from positive electrode

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8
Q

Why is the T wave shown as a positive deflection?

A

Wave of negative charge moves towards the negative electrode so it appears positive

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9
Q

Which leads show the inferior view of the heart?

A

2, 3, AVF

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10
Q

Which leads show the anterior surface of the heart?

A

V1-4

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11
Q

Which leads show the lateral surface of the heart?

A

1, AVL, V5, V6

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12
Q

Which leads show the right atrium?

A

V1, AVR

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13
Q

Which leads show the Q wave?

A

3, AVR, V1, V6

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14
Q

How long is a normal P wave?

A

120-200mS

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15
Q

How long is a normal QRS complex?

A

<120mS

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16
Q

What is the value of 1 large box and 1 small box on the x-axis?

A

Large: .2 seconds
Small: .04 seconds

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17
Q

What is the value of 1 large box and 1 small box on the y-axis?

A

Large: .5
Small: .1

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18
Q

How do you calculate the HR using an ECG for a regular rhythm?

A

Count the number of boxes between 2 QRS and then divide 300 by that number

19
Q

How do you calculate the HR using an ECG for an irregular rhythm?

A

Multiply number of QRS on rhythm strip by 6

20
Q

What does no p wave mean?

A

Atrial fib

21
Q

What does a sawtooth pattern on ECG mean?

A

Atrial flutter

22
Q

Define 1st degree heart block

A

PR interval>200mS

23
Q

What can 2nd degree heart block be classified into?

A

Mobitz type 1 and 2

24
Q

Define 2nd degree mobitz type 1 heart block

A

Progressively prolonged PR until QRS is missing

25
Q

Define 2nd degree mobitz type 2 heart block

A

Prolonged PR and a new ratio of PR:QRS

26
Q

Define 3rd degree heart block

A

No relation between p and QRS

27
Q

What is the axis of an ECG?

A

Average direction of flow of electricity through the heart

28
Q

What is a normal axis?

A

90 to -30 degrees

29
Q

What range is a left axis deviation?

A

-30 to -90

30
Q

What range is a right axis deviation?

A

90 to 180

31
Q

Describe how to find the axis on an ECG

A

Find the lead with the smallest deflections
Find the lead perpendicular to this lead; is it mostly positive or negative?
Where is this lead positive/negative?

32
Q

How is bundle branch block seen on an ECG?

A

QRS >120mS, due to slow depolarisation through blocked branches

33
Q

How can a right BBB be seen on an ECG?

A

QRS>120
M-shaped QRS in V1
Prominent S wave in 1 and aVL

34
Q

What are the causes of right BBB?

A

Lung disease
PE
Atrial septal defect

35
Q

How can a left BBB be seen on an ECG?

A

QRS >120
Broad R wave in 1, aVL, V6
ST depression leading into an inverted T wave

36
Q

What are the causes of left BBB?

A

STEMI
Aortic stenosis
Cardiomyopathy

37
Q

What are the causes of an elevated ST segment?

A

Acute transmural infarction
Pericarditis
Aneurysm
Brugada syndrome

38
Q

What are the causes of a depressed ST segment?

A

NSTEMI
Digoxin
Hypo K+, Ca++, Mg++

39
Q

What are the causes of a peaked T wave?

A

Hyperacute infaction

Hyper K+, Ca++, Mg++

40
Q

What are the causes of an inverted T wave?

A

Infarction
Ischaemia
Hypo K+, Ca++, Mg++

41
Q

What 2 indexes are used to determine the hypertrophy voltage criteria?

A

Sokolow-Lyon index

Cornell

42
Q

What is the Sokolow-Lyon index?

A

S in V1 + R in V5/6 > 7 big squares

43
Q

What is the Cornell index?

A

S in V3 + R in aVL >28mm (men) >20 (women)

44
Q

What are the causes of hypertrophy?

A

Hypertension
Ischaemic heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Aortic stenosis

CVD (22 decks)

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