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GIGU Midterm > Mesenteries and Foregut > Flashcards

Mesenteries and Foregut Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the peritoneum?

A

produces a peritoneal fluid, minimizes friction, resists infection by producing antibodies

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2
Q

what is found within a mesentery?

A

arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics supplying the organs

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3
Q

what is the peritoneal ligament connecting the liver to the stomach and the first part of the duodenum?

A

lesser omentum

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4
Q

what two ligaments make up the lesser omentum?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament and the hepatogastric ligament

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5
Q

what is the peritoneal ligament attached to the greater curvature of the stomach, 1st part of the duodenum and to the transverse colon?

A

the greater omentum

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6
Q

what ligaments make up the greater omentum?

A

gastrocolic ligament, gastrophrenic ligament, gastrosplenic ligament

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7
Q

what is the opening that connects the greater and lesser sacs?

A

epiploic foramen

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8
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the epiploic foramen?

A

the 1st part of the duodenum

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9
Q

where is the stomach located?

A

in the right and left upper quadrants

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10
Q

where is the left end of the stomach fixed at?

A

the level of T10-T11

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11
Q

where is the right end of the stomach fixed at?

A

the level of L1

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12
Q

what are the parts of the stomach?

A

cardiac, fundus, body, and the pylorus including the pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

where does the greater omentum attach on the stomach?

A

on the inferior border/ greater curvature

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14
Q

where does the lesser omentum attach on the stomach?

A

on the superior border/ lesser curvature

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15
Q

where is the esophageal hiatus located?

A

T10

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16
Q

where does the esophagus enter the stomach?

A

at the cardiac orifice at the level of T11

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17
Q

what separates the esophagus from the fundus of the stomach?

A

the cardiac/ cardial notch

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18
Q

what is a protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

hiatal hernia

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19
Q

what is a para-esophageal hiatal hernia?

A

the cardia is in the normal position; the fundus comes out through the esophageal hiatus; no regurgitation

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20
Q

what is a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

the cardia and part of the fundus come out through the esophageal hiatus; some regurgitation

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21
Q

where is the spleen located?

A

left upper quadrant or left hypochondriac region lying parallel to left ribs 9-11 along the mid-axillary line between the stomach and diaphragm

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22
Q

what is the spleen attached to?

A

gastrosplenic and the splenorenal ligaments

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23
Q

what is the starting and end point of the duodenum?

A

it begins at the pylorus of the stomach and ends at the duodenojejunal junction (level of L2)

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24
Q

how many parts are there to the duodenum?

A

4

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25
Q

what is the first part of the duodenum associated with?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

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26
Q

what is associated with the second part (descending) of the duodenum?

A

it has openings for the hepatopancreatic duct (bile duct and pancreatic duct)

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27
Q

what are the openings for the hepatopancreatic duct?

A

the major and minor duodenal papilla

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28
Q

what is associated with the third part (horizontal) of the duodenum?

A

it is crossed by the superior mesenteric artery and vein

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29
Q

what ligament is found at the duodenojejunal junction?

A

suspensory ligament (ligament of Treitz)

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30
Q

how does the foregut get its sympathetic innervation?

A

from T5-T9; from greater splanchnic nerves entering from the thorax; they synapse in celiac ganglia and then are distributed via vessels

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31
Q

how does the foregut get parasympathetic innervation?

A

from anterior and posterior vagal trunks (CN 10)

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32
Q

where does the vagus nerve (CN 10) pierce the diaphragm?

A

at T10

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33
Q

where is the liver located?

A

in the right upper quadrants or epigastric and right hypochondriac regions; the left lobe is located in the left upper quadrant

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34
Q

what are the two surfaces of the liver?

A

the diaphragmatic surface and the visceral surface

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35
Q

what is in direct contact with the diaphragmatic surface of the liver?

A

the IVC

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36
Q

what areas of the visceral surface of the liver are not covered with peritoneum?

A

where the gallbladder and porta hepatis are located

37
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

it is like the doorway in and out of the liver; it contains the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, nerve plexus, hepatic bile ducts, and lymphatic vessels

38
Q

What causes cirrhosis of the liver?

A

fatty changes and fibrosis

39
Q

What are the right and left lobes of the liver separated by?

A

falciform ligament

40
Q

what lobes make up the right lobe of the liver?

A

quadrate and caudate lobes

41
Q

what are the quadrate and caudate lobes of the right lobe of the liver separated by?

A

the porta hepatis

42
Q

where is the caudate lobe of the right lobe of the liver found?

A

in between the falciform ligament and the IVC

43
Q

where is the quadrate lobe of the right lobe of the liver found?

A

between the gallbladder and the falciform ligament

44
Q

What is the bare area of the liver?

A

the area of the liver that is in direct contact with the diaphragm and is not covered by visceral peritoneum

45
Q

What are the coronary ligaments of the liver?

A

it surrounds the bare area of the liver

46
Q

What is the falciform ligament caused by?

A

ligamentum teres hepatis or the round ligament

47
Q

What brings oxygenated blood into the liver?

A

hepatic artery

48
Q

What brings deoxygenated blood into the liver?

A

the hepatic portal vein

49
Q

What is the portal triad made up of?

A

the hepatic artery, the portal vein, and the bile duct

50
Q

What surrounds the portal triad?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

51
Q

What is the pringle maneuver used for?

A

it is used when the gallbladder is taken out and the arteries that were running to the gallbladder need to be clamped; done by pinching the portal triad/ hepatoduodenal ligament

52
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

at the level of L1-L2 vertebra

53
Q

what is anterior to the pancreas?

A

the lesser sac

54
Q

what is to the right of the pancreas?

A

the 2nd part of the duodenum

55
Q

what is to the left of the pancreas?

A

the spleen

56
Q

what is inferior to the pancreas?

A

the 3rd part of the duodenum

57
Q

where does the head of the pancreas lie?

A

in the curvature of the duodenum

58
Q

where does the neck of the pancreas lie?

A

it overlies the superior mesenteric artery

59
Q

where is the tail of the pancreas located?

A

within the splenorenal ligament; its tip is adjacent to hilum of spleen

60
Q

where is the uncinate process of the pancreas?

A

it is adjacent to the head; it is superior to the third part of the duodenum

61
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

it stores and releases bile

62
Q

what are the three main parts of the gallbladder?

A

the fundus, body, and neck

63
Q

what connects the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct?

A

the cystic duct

64
Q

what is the arterial supply of the gallbladder?

A

the cystic artery

65
Q

what innervates the gallbladder?

A

nerves from the celiac plexus

66
Q

how many hepatic ducts are there?

A

2- a right and left hepatic duct

67
Q

what happens when the right and left hepatic ducts come together?

A

they form the common hepatic duct

68
Q

what happens when the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct come together?

A

they form the bile duct

69
Q

where does the main pancreatic duct begin?

A

in the tail of the pancreas and it courses to the head

70
Q

what does the main pancreatic duct contain?

A

the sphincter of the main pancreatic duct

71
Q

what is the purpose of the sphincter of the main pancreatic duct?

A

it prevents bile from entering the pancreas

72
Q

what happens when the main pancreatic duct and the common bile duct join together?

A

it forms the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)

73
Q

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla associated with?

A

the heaptopancreatic sphincter and the major dueodenal papilla

74
Q

what are gallstones composed of?

A

cholesterol crystals

75
Q

what does blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla by gallstones block?

A

both the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct

76
Q

what happens when there is blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

bile backs up into the pancreas, which causes pancreatitis

77
Q

There are three main branches off of the celiac trunk. What are they?

A

common hepatic artery, the splenic artery, and the left gastric artery

78
Q

what are the three main branches off of the common hepatic artery?

A

gastroduodenal artery, right gastric artery, and hepatic artery proper

79
Q

what branches off of the gastroduodenal artery?

A

right gastro-omental artery, the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, and the supraduodenal artery

80
Q

what branches off the hepatic artery proper?

A

the right and left hepatic artery and the cystic artery

81
Q

what branches off the splenic artery?

A

short gastric arteries, left gastro-omental artery, and pancreatic branches (dorsal pancreatic and great pancreatic artery

82
Q

what branches off the left gastric artery?

A

the esophageal branch

83
Q

what is anastamosed on the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

the right gastro-omental artery and the left gastro-omental artery

84
Q

what is anastamosed on the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

the right gastric artery and the left gastric artery

85
Q

what arises within the cystohepatic triangle of Calot?

A

the cystic artery

86
Q

what are the borders of the cystohepatic triagnle of Calot?

A

the cystic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the visceral surface of the liver

87
Q

what parts of the duodenum are considered retroperitoneal?

A

2nd-4th parts

88
Q

what is the ligamentum teres hepatis/ round ligament of the liver a remnant of?

A

left umbilical vein

GIGU Midterm (19 decks)

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