Diet and Lifestyle Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Question 1

Is the prevalence of obesity increasing or decreasing?

Answer 1

Increasing

Question 2

What is the broad aim of clinical management of obesity?

Answer 2

Reduce mortality and morbidity risk

Question 3

Is there a relationship between BMI and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Is CHD more prevalent in people with diabetes, and does sex impact this?

Answer 4

It is more prevalent in people with diabetes, woman are more at risk than men

Question 5

What is the rise in incidence of obesity likely due to?

Answer 5

Lifestyle choices rather than genetic deficit

Question 6

What are the main risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 6

Overweight and obesity (BMI more than 25)

Large waist circumferance (abdominal obesity)

Question 7

Other than obesity and waist size, what are other risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 7

Family history

Age (older than 40)

Ethnicity

Question 8

What is a visual representation of how different foods contribute towards a diet for health?

Answer 8

Eatwell Guide

Question 9

What percentage of the NHS budget is spent managing type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

9%

Question 10

Explain the UK physical activity guidelines?

Answer 10

Split into healthy heart and mind, keeping muscles, bone and joints strong, and reducing chances of falls

Question 11

By what percent does even being moderately active decrease the risk of type 2 diabtes?

Answer 11

30-40%

Question 12

Explain the mechanism of exercise on reducing type 2 diabetes risk?

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle plays important role in regulating storage and/or oxidation of glucose and TAG during the postprandial period

Insulin plays central role in this regulation

Reductions in peripheral insulin sensitivity lead to abnormalities in glucose and TAG metabolism

Exercise is potent stimulus of muscle glucose and TAG uptake due to increased energy demand of activity

Question 13

What are the effects on an acute bout of exercise?

Answer 13

Increased glucose transport into muscle

Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is elevated for at least 16 hours

Glucoregulatory effect spans many meals (about 3 days)

Exercise is a potent and non-pharmacological strategy for increasing muscle insulin sensitivity and improving postprandial glucose control

Question 14

What are the exercise guidelines for adults aged 19-64 years?

Answer 14

150 minutes of moderate aeriobic activity a week and strength exercises on two or more days a week that work all major muscles

or

75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity and strength exercises on two or more days a week that work all major muscles

or

Mix of moderate and vigorous aeriobic activity every week (such as two 30 minute runs and 30 minutes of fast walking) and strength exercises on two or more days a week that work all major muscles

Question 15

What aspect of exercise is thought to be the main determinant of the magnitude of improved glycaemic responses?

Answer 15

Exercise volume (duration and intensity and frequency)

Question 16

What are some lifestyle interventions that will reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 16

Calorie restriction

Increased fibre intake

Exercise

Question 17

Why are diet suggestions given to people?

Answer 17

Provide knowledge about healthy eating

Encourage lifestyle changes to reduce obesity

Maintain blood glucose and lipids as near normal as possible

Reduce acute complications of diabetes such as hypo and hyperglycaemia

Reduce body weight

Question 18

Which diet is best to treat diabetes?

Answer 18

Unclear which exactly, but it is known weight loss and carb management willl help

Research suggests Mediterranean diet may be the best

Question 19

What are the dietary components of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet)?

Answer 19

High consumption of vegetables

High intake of fruits and nuts

High consumption of legumes

High intake of cereals

High consumption of fish and seafood

Low intake of meat and meat products

Low intake of dairy products

High ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fats

Moderate alcohol intake

Question 20

What calorie deficit does NICE reccomend to lose weight?

Answer 20

600kcal per day

Question 21

What are some things that the future of diabetic healthcare will have?

Answer 21

Digital and wearable technology to manage glucose and track exercise