Take-off phase

Question 1

What is the definition of takeoff distance on a dry runway?

Answer 1

greater of:

• TOD(N-1 dry): distance from brake release to point 35ft above takeoff surface (assuming critical engine failure at V(EF))
• 1.15 TOD(N) with all engines operating

Question 2

What is the definition of takeoff distance on a wet runway?

Answer 2

greater of:

• TOD(dry)
• TOD (N-1 wet): Distance from brake release to point 15ft above takeoff surface when wet (V2 must be reached by 35ft and critical engine failure at V(EF))

Question 3

What is the definition of take off run on a dry runway?

Answer 3

greater of:

• TOR(N-1 dry): distance from brake release to point equidistant between V(LOF) and 35ft
• 1.15 TOR(N dry): distance from brake release to point equidistant between V(LOF) and 35ft

Question 4

What is the definition of takeoff run on a wet runway?

Answer 4

greater of:

• TOR(N-1 wet): distance from brake release to point at 15ft (ensuring V2 reached by 35ft)
• 1.15 TOR(N wet)

Question 5

What effect does a clearway have on TOR and TOD for a dry and wet runway?

Answer 5

• Has no effect on takeoff run for any runway
• Provides a longer TODA for a dry runway
• No effect on TODA for a wet runway

Question 6

What is is the definition of ASD on a dry runway?

Answer 6

greater of:

• ASD(N-1 dry): distance to accelerate to V(EF), 1 sec acceleration to V1, come to a full stop, 2 sec @ V1 speed.
• ASD(N dry): Accelerate to V1, come to a full stop, 2 sec @ V1 speed.

Question 7

What is the definition of ASD of a wet runway

Answer 7

greater of:

• ASD(dry)
• ASD(N-1 wet)*
• ASD(N wet)*

*Definitions are the same, except the runway is wet

Question 8

What is the effect on TOD(N-1) and TOR(N-1) if V1 is increased for a given TOW?

Answer 8

Reduces both because the all engine acceleration phase is longer, as so if engine does fail, V2 can be achieved at 35ft sooner

Question 9

What is the effect on TOD(N) and TOR(N) if V1 is increased for a given TOW?

Answer 9

No effect

Question 10

What is the effect on ASD(N-1) and ASD(N) if V1 is increased for a given TOW?

Answer 10

Increase in both, because the acceleration phase is longer, and the 2 sec buffer at V1 is a greater distance

Question 11

What is a balanced field/balanced V1?

Answer 11

When the ability to continue or discontinue the takeoff is equal for a given TOW. Nothing to do with airport characteristics

Question 12

What is the definition of TORA?

Answer 12

Take-off run available

-The length of the runway declared by airport authority that is suitable for the ground run of a departing aircraft

Question 13

What is the TODA?

Answer 13

Take-off distance available

-Length of TORA plus any available clearway

Question 14

What characteristics must a clearway meet?

Answer 14

• Controlled by airport authorities
• Expressed as a clearway plane extending from end of runway with an upward slope of not more than 1.25%
• Minimum width not less than 152m
• Have no protruding objects (threshold lights may protrude 0.66m if they are located to the side of the runway)
• Clearway length cannot exceed half the TORA

Question 15

What is the ASDA?

Answer 15

Accelerate Stop distance available

-The TORA which may be extended by a Stopway

Question 16

What characteristics must a Stopway meet?

Answer 16

• At least as wide as RWY and along extended centreline
• Able to support the a/c during aborted takeoff without causing structural damage
• Designated by airport authority for use in decelerating the a/c during aborted take off

Question 17

What factors will affect the runway length loss due to alignment?

Answer 17

• Angle of taxiway
• Length of aircraft
• Aircraft steering type/max angle
• Design of taxiway