Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology revision > 1.2 Ultrastructure > Flashcards

1.2 Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Prokaryotes: simple organisms which are small in size, do not have a nucleas not membraneous organelles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Typical organelles in prokaryotes

A
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • slime capsule
  • nucleoid
  • plasmid
  • ribosomes (70S)
  • cytosol
  • pili
  • flagellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleoid vs plasmid

A

Nucleoid: circular DNA molecule, not aassodiated with proteins which stores all the genetic material of the organism

Plasmid: additional autonomous DNA molecule of circular shape which can be transferred in bacterial conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pili

A

Attachement pili: used to attach to surfaces and one another

Sex pili: used in bacterial conjugation to exchange plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis: process in binary fission when the cytoplasm of the mother cells divides into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Resolution

A

Resolution: making separate parts of an object distinguishable by an eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes: complex living organisms with a nucleus and single or double membrane compartmentalised ultrastructure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Typical organelles in eukaryotes

A
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • rER
  • sER
  • Golgi apparatus
  • mitochondria
  • plasma membrane
  • free ribososmes (80S)
  • microtubules
  • centrioles
  • lysosome
  • vacuole
  • cilia, flagella
  • chloroplasts/amyloplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Advantages of compartmentalisation

A
  1. Enzymes and substrates for reactions are concentrated
  2. Dangerous substances (digestive enzymes) are kept within a membrane
  3. Ideal conditions for reactions (pH)
  4. Organelles with contents can be moved around the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of nucleus and nucleolus

A

NUCLEUS: enclose nucleolus, store genetic material, transport mRNA out into cytoplasm - double membrane with pores

NUCLEOLUS: ribosomes are assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Role of rER and sER

A

rER: from citernae, ribosomes on surface, synthesise proteins for secretion, carried by vesicles to Golgi

sER: citernae, syntheiss and transport of lipids, steroids, involved in carbohydrate metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Role of Golgi app

A

GOLGI APP: membraneous sacs - cisternae (more curved than ER), process (store, sort, modify) secretory products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Role of lysosome

A

LYSOSOME: spherical, formed from Gogli vesicles, many enzymes inside - appear dark in e micrographs, hydrolyse macromolecules into monomers, can digest organelles, cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of mitochondria

A

MITOCHONDRIA: double membrane (inner invaginated - cristae), fluid inside - matrix, spherical, produce ATP by aerobic respiration, fat is digested of used as E source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Role of free ribosomes

A

RIBOSOMES: made up from rRNA and proteins (appear dark in micrographs), not membraneous, subunits synthesisesd in nucleus, synthesise proteins from mRNA

Prokaryote: 70S

Eukaryote: 80S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PROKARYOTE vs EUKARYOTE cell

A

D: DNA: circular - linear, naked - histones, introns

O: organelles: membraneous, compartmentalisation, nucleous, 70S- 80S ribosomes

R: reproduction; binary fission - mitosis/meiosis, haploid - diploid

A: average size: smaller (1-5 um) - bigger (50-100 um)

17
Q

Role of chloroplasts, tonoplasts, plasmodesmata

A

CHLOROPLASTS: double membrane, membrane sacs thylakoids, spherical, produce org. comp. by photosynthesis, starch grains if rapid photosynthesis

TONOPLAST: membrane surrounding plant cell

PLASMODESMA: channels in plant cell walls to connect to adjacent cells

18
Q

Role of vacuoles and vesicles

A

BOTH: single membrane, used for storage

VACUOLES: larger, can be digestive vacuoles, can experll water (Paramecium)

VESICLES: small vacuoles, used for transporting materials inside the cell

19
Q

Role of microtubules and centrioles

A

MICROTUBULES: small cylindrical fibres, move chromosomes in cell division,

CENTRIOLES: from two gorups of nine microtub., form an anchor for microtub. to attach in cell division, for microtubules in cilia, flagella

20
Q

PLANT vs ANIMAL cell

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Chloroplasts (plastids)
  3. Cholesterol in membrane
  4. Starch and glycogen
  5. Large vacuole
  6. Centrioles only in animal cells
  7. Shape
21
Q

Role of cilia and flagellum

A

BOTH: containa ring of nine double microtubules and two central ones, fro locomotion

CILIA: small, many, can be used to create currents in surrounding fluids

FLAGELLUM: larger, in sperm

22
Q

Extracellular components of plant/animal cells

A

PLANTS: cell wall (support, shape, prevents excess water uptake, against infection)

ANIMALS: from glycoproyeins (support, attach to form tissues, intercellular communication)

23
Q

Palisade mesophyll cell

A
  • typical plant cell of the leaf
  • performs photosynthesis - many chloroplasts
24
Q

Exocrine gland cell of the pancreas

A
  • endocrine secrete hormones, exocrine secrete digestive enzymes fro the small intestine
  • enzyme - proteins - many ribosomes, rER, Golgi

Biology revision (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions