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AHN Chapters > Chapter 3: Effects of Controls and Straight and Level > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Effects of Controls and Straight and Level Flashcards

1
Q

What is the the aircraft attitude?

A

The orientation of the A/C with respect to the horizon

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2
Q

What are the two main aspects of the term ‘attitude’?

A

Pitch and roll angles of the aircraft.

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3
Q

What can be used to establish the PC-21 attitude?

A

1) HUD
2) Visual Horizon
3) Attitude Indicator (AI) on PFD
4) In emergency, AI on SFD

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4
Q

What is the primary instrument for attitude reference?

A

The HUD

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5
Q

What does the PRS display when reference to the Climb Dive Ladder?

A

Where the aircraft is pointing

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6
Q

Is the horizon line on the HUD the same as the visual horizon?

A

No

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7
Q

Using the PRS, how can course angle of bank estimates be made? More accurate estimates?

A
  • Reference against the CDL

- Made by referencing the bank scale and pointer.

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8
Q

What are the CDM and FPM?

A

1) CDM = Climb Dive Marker, when referenced against the CDL, shows your climb or dive angle. Laterally constrained on HUD centerline
2) FPM displays true direction of the A/C in climb/dive and laterally.

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9
Q

What is the term attitude used for?

A

To direct attention to most applicable A/C orientation info available at the time.
- Normally HUD CDM

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10
Q

At high AOA, what is the attitude used for?

A

PRS when CDM is caged.

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11
Q

What is instrument used for attitude when there is a HUD failure?

A

PFD AI and visible attitude

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12
Q

What is the finial attitude source?

A

SFD

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13
Q

Is the CDM a performance instrument?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What is the central focus of the HUD scan?

A

CDM

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15
Q

What is the process for setting level attitude?

A

1) Pitch adjusted so CDM is on true horizon

2) Course bank adjustments can then be made with wings of CDM and fine tuned with bank pointer/scale.

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16
Q

What is the process for setting descending attitude?

A

1) Pitch adjusted to required CDL for descent

2) Bank adjustments made.

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17
Q

How is TO attitude normally set?

A

Initially set to 10 NU using imaginary line from top of airspeed/altimeter dials

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18
Q

What are the 3 things regarding the effects of flight controls?

A

1) Continuous (only occur when controls are moving)
2) Proportional to airspeed (squared)
3) Relative to pilot at all times

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19
Q

Primary and secondary effects of elevator?

A 
Primary = Pitch
Secondary = Nil
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20
Q

Primary and secondary effects of ailerons?

A 
Primary = roll
Secondary = adverse yaw
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21
Q

Primary and secondary effects of rudder? Further effect?

A

Primary = Yaw
Secondary = Roll
Further effect = Spiral Dive

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22
Q

Should slip indicator still be monitored even though TAD is used?

A

Yes it should still be monitored.

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23
Q

What are the effects of the airbrake?

A
  • Pitching force

- Increase in drag to slow A/C down

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24
Q

What do flaps do regarding the wing?

A

Change camber + surface area of the wing.

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25
Q

What do flaps do regarding the stalling speed, approach speed, and view of runway during approach?

A

1) Reduces stalling speed
2) Allows slower approach speed
3) provides better view of runway during approach.

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26
Q

What is effect of flaps selection from UP to TO? What is required action to maintain altitude?

A

Effects = Pitch up, increase in drag

Required action = Lower attitude, increase in power to maintain speed

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27
Q

What is effect of flaps selection from TO to LDG? What is required action to maintain altitude?

A

Effects = Pitch up, increase in drag

Required action = Lower attitude, increase in power to maintain speed

28
Q

What is effect of flaps selection from LDG to UP? What is required action to maintain altitude?

A

Effects = Pitch down, decrease in drag

Required action = Raise attitude

29
Q

Does lowering of landing gear have a discernible effect about any of the aircraft axes?

A
  • No

- Slightly power increase to maintain the same IAS

30
Q

What is the two step process to making power changes?

A

1) Rough Adjustment

2) Reference Torque Gauge

31
Q

What are the effects of Power Changes on aircraft attitude?

A

Increase in power = pitch up, yaw left

Decrease in power = pitch down, yaw right

32
Q

What do the power chevrons on HUD indicate? What is indicated when they are above or below the CDM? When aligned?

A
  • Acceleration/deceleration when viewed in reference with CDM
  • Above CDM = acceleration
  • Below CDM = deceleration
  • Aligned with CDM = constant speed
33
Q

What speed are the power chevrons referenced to? What does this mean for a turn?

A
  • Ground speed which uses IRS

- In a turn can indicate slightly erroneously?

34
Q

What are aerodynamic effects of airspeed changes? What is requirement to correct?

A

Increase in airspeed = pitch up/yaw right. Forward pressure on stick.
Decrease in airspeed = pitch down/yaw left. Rear pressure on stick.

35
Q

When is an aircraft considered to be ‘trimmed’?

A

When it holds the desired attitude without force being applied to flight controls by the pilot.

36
Q

What is the order of trimming?

A

Elevator and then aileron.

37
Q

What should pilot do if significant control force is required to maintain an attitude ? What should pilot then do?

A
  • The pilot should hold the trim switch down until control forces are removed.
  • Then fine tuning.
38
Q

What is the procedure to trim the aircraft?

A
  • Select-Hold-Trim (SHT)
    1) SELECT desired attitude in pitch and roll
    2) HOLD the control column in place
    3) TRIM to relieve and reduce control forces.
39
Q

What should be done to check accuracy of trimming?

A

Grip on control column should be relaxed.

If attitude moves, do procedure over again.

40
Q

What is the definition of straight and level flight?

A
  • Maintaining a constant indicated altitude and a constant indicated heading.
  • In balanced flight, wings are level
41
Q

What is straight flight? How is this referenced?

A
  • Holding a constant heading

- Confirmed by referring to the compass in the HUD and visible horizon.

42
Q

What should be done to correct heading changes?

A
  • Banked towards desired heading.
  • For small HDG changes, AoB should equal approximate heading change
  • For corrections greater than 30 deg, use a normal turn.
43
Q

What is the difference between attitude/HDG and CDM/TRK?

A
  • Attitude/HDG is where aircraft is pointing

- CDM/TRK is where aircraft is going

44
Q

What is level flight defined as?

A
  • Level flight is achieved by indicating a constant altitude

- To hold constant altitude, CDM is set level with the true horizon line

45
Q

What should be done to correct for incorrect altitudes?

A

1) Establish slight rate of climb

2) Anticipate and reselect the CDM to the true horizon line.

46
Q

For altitude deviations more than a few hundred feet, but less than 1,000 feet, what should be done?`

A
  • Suitable attitude change selected

- Power modulated to maintain IAS

47
Q

For altitude deviations greater than 1000 feet, what should be done?

A

Recognized climb or descent should be entered.

48
Q

What is the formula for setting or changing aircraft performance?

A

Power + Attitude = Performance

49
Q

Is the CDM a performance instrument?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the work cycle for maintaining straight and level flight with a certain performance?

A 
A = Attitude
L = Lookout
A = Attitude
P = Performance
51
Q

What is the HUD attitude scan?

A

1) Scan CDM in line with true horizon line, check wings level
2) Scan bank pointer to ensure wings are level
3) Scan back to CDM

52
Q

What is the Lookout?

A

1) Look towards wingtip
2) Scan in segments above and below the horizon back to HUD
3) Conduct HUD attitude scan again

53
Q

What is the Performance scan?

A

1) Start at CDM
2) Move to right to note altitude, if error noticed, correct with attitude change
3) Return to CDM
4) Scan up to HDG, correction made
5) Return to CDM
6) Out to airspeed, change if needed
7) Return to CDM.

54
Q

Can checks be incorporated as part of the ALAP?

A

Yes they can but only once performance parameter has been scanned and no correction is required.

55
Q

What does the pilot have control over to maintain straight and level?

A

IAS + AoA

56
Q

What is AoA at low speed?

A

High

57
Q

What is AoA at high speed?

A

Low

58
Q

What will transitioning between high and low speed require to keep require?

A

A movement of the attitude to keep the CDM on the horizon, and therefore level.

59
Q

In normal ops when straight and level how should changing speed be done when:

1) Speed increases of < 30 KIAS
2) Speed increases of > 30 KIAS
3) Speed reduction of < 30 KIAS
4) Speed reduction of > 30 KIAS

A

1) Estimate the approx power required for intended IAS.
Increase power by 20% of estimate.
Approaching the target IAS, reduce the PCL to
estimated TQ setting

2) Select MAX TQ, approaching target IAS, reduce PCL to estimated TQ setting. Refine PCL
3) Estimate approx power for intended IAS, go 20% lower, when approaching, increase back up
4) Select IDLE, approaching target IAS set PCL to estimated TQ setting, use power chevrons to refine.

60
Q

In the event of a HUD failure, what will pilot use to fly the aircraft? What is the difference in this?

A
  • Combination of PFD and visual attitudes to fly the aircraft.
  • Power + attitude is set, performance is checked, and the power and/or attitude is reset to acheve desired performance.
61
Q

How can visual attitudes be referenced?

A

Common references are top edge of the UFCP, HUG frame and aircraft nose.

62
Q

What is attitude reference for normal straight + level flight?

A

Visual horizon is parallel to the UFCP and approx half way up the HUD frame.

63
Q

How can visual attitude be refined?

A

By referencing the AI on the PFD.

64
Q

What is the work cycle for performance without the HUD?

A

Power + Attitude = Performance

1) Visual attitude set
2) Confirmed on PFD AI

65
Q

What is the without HUD work cycle?

A
  • Attitude (Visual + PFD)
  • Lookout (as normal)
  • Attitude (as above)
  • Performance
66
Q

What is the procedure for changing ancillary controls?

A

1) Limitation
2) Operation
3) Indication

67
Q

What are the four priorities of flying the aircraft?

A

1) Aviate
2) Navigate
3) Communicate
4) Administrate (cockpit tasks, non-boldface items and any other procedures)

AHN Chapters (3 decks)

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