Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System COPY > Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Pathology of Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are different kinds of microorganisms in terms of pathogenecity?

A

Primary

Facultative

Opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are primary microorganisms?

A

Can establish an infection in almost anyone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are facultative microorganisms?

A

Requires defences to be reduced a little bit to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are opportunistic microorganisms?

A

Not very infectious, do not have pathogenic properties to invade human tissue, but if defences are dropped then they can cause a clinically evident infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the ability to resist infection depend on?

A

State of the host defence mechanism

Age of patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some upper respiratory tract infections?

A

Coryza (common cold)

Sore throat syndrome

Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (coup)

Laryngitis

Sinusitis

Acute epiglottitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the common cold also known as?

A

Coryza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is coup also known as?

A

Laryngotracheobronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is acute epiglottis commonly caused by?

A

Group A beta haemolytic streptococci

Haemophilus influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who seems to be most prone to acute epiglottitis?

A

Young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some examples of lower respiratory tract infections?

A

Bronchitis

Bronchiolotis

Pneumonia (acute inflammatory process in the alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Acute inflammatory process in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some respiratory tract defence mechanisms?

A

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

General immune system

Respiratory secretions

Upper respiratory tract as a filter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the macrophage-mucociliary escalator system composed of?

A

Alveolar macrophages

Mucociliary escalator

Cough reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the upper respiratory tract help to prevent the lower respiratory tract from becoming infected?

A

Warms and humidifies air, supplying a large surface area where material in the air may be deposited so it does not reach the lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are particles cleared from the lungs?

A

Macrophage-mucociliary escalator:

1) Macrophages clear particles by phagocytosis
2) Leave via the muco-ciliary escalator or through lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is pneumonia classified by?

A

Anatomical (understand radiology)

Aetiological (how acquired, such as from a hospital or community)

Microbiology (tells us how to treat the patient)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some different aetiological classifications of pneumonia?

A

Community acquired

Hospital acquired (nosocomial)

Pneumonia in the immunocompromised

Atypical pneumonia (caused by unusual organism)

Aspiration pneumonia

Recurrent pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a hospital acquired infection also known as?

A

Nosocomial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are infections from hospital more likely to be?

A

Resistant to antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some different patterns of pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia

Segmental

Lobar

Hypostatic

Aspiration

Obstructive, retention, endogenous lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is hypostatic pneumonia?

A

Patient has some other pathological process that lead to the accumulation of fluid in the lung, such as cardiac failure with chronic edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What occurs in bronchopneumonia?

A

Acute inflammation

Pus from polymorphs replaces air

Accumulation of neutrophils in alveolar space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the infected site in segmental and lobar pneumonia normally like?

A

Unilateral in a single site or area of the lung which is infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does segmental and lobar pneumonia differ from bronchopneuonia?

A

Segmental and lobar are at a single site whereas broncho is multilocal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is bronchopneumonia characerised by?

A

Spots of infection stay around alveoli

Rare for infection to reach the pleura

Basal parts of the lungs infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is lobar pneumonia characterised by?

A

Large amount of lung infected by the same inflammatory process

Could be an entire lobe

Meaning the whole part is airless due to being filled with pus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What kind of pneumonia could lead to a pleural infection?

A

Lobar, pleural infections are rare with bronchopneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are possible outcomes of pneumonia?

A

Most resolve

Pleurisy, pleural effusion and emphysema

Organisation

Lung abscess

Bronchiectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are examples of pneumonia leading to organisation?

A

Mass lesion

Cryptogenic organising pneumonia (COP)

Constructive bronchiolotis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What could pneumonia lead to instead of resolution?

A

Fibrosis

Abscess (infected area dies which creates a hole in the lung)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What can the outcome of pneumonia mimic?

A

Can result in a lump which mimics cancer, only to realise it is not cancer once it has been removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a lung abscess?

A

Necrosis of the lung and formation of a cavity

34
Q

What causes a lung abscess?

A

Necrotic lung (2nd degree infection)

Particular organisms

Obstructed bronchus (tumour)

35
Q

What can a lung abscess lead to?

A

Blood poisoning (pyaemia)

36
Q

What is pyaemia?

A

A type of septicaemia that leads to widespread abscesses (blood poisoning)

37
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Pathological dilation of bronchi

38
Q

What can bronchiectasis be due to?

A

Severe infective episode

Recurrent infections

Proximal bronchial obstruction

Lung parenchymal destruction

39
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

The functional tissue of an organ

40
Q

What is the functional tissue of an organ called?

A

Parenchyma

41
Q

In basic terms, what is bronchiectasis?

A

Increase in the diameter of the airways relative to its position

42
Q

When does bronchiectasis usually start?

A

75% of the time in childhood

43
Q

What are symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A

Cough

Abundant purulent foul sputum

Haemoptysis

Signs of chronic infection

Coarse crackle, clubbing

44
Q

What is haemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

45
Q

What is coughing up blood called?

A

Haemoptysis

46
Q

What is bronchiectasis diagnosed by?

A

Thin section

CT

47
Q

What is the treatment of bronchiectasis?

A

Postural drainage

Antibiotics

Surgery

48
Q

Is bronchiectasis usually localised or widespread?

A

Widespread

49
Q

When can bronchiectasis be removed?

A

When it is localised

50
Q

What do we need to consider in recurrent lung disease?

A

Why the defences are failing

51
Q

What can we ask when considering why the defences are failing?

A

Local bronchial obstruction (tumour, foreign body)?

Local pulmonary damage (bronchiectasis)?

Generalised lung disease (cystic fibrosis, COPD)?

Non-respiratory disease (immunocompromised, aspiration)?

52
Q

What may aspiration pneumonia be due to?

A

Vomiting

Oesophageal lesion

Obstetic anaesthesia

Neuromuscular disorders

Sedation

53
Q

What are opportunistic infections?

A

Infections by organisms not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences

54
Q

What are some examples of opportunistic pathogens?

A

Low grade bacterial pathogens

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Pneumocystis jirovecii

Other fungi and yeasts

55
Q

What are the 2 things flow of air can be?

A

Laminar or turbulent

56
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Ordered

57
Q

What is ordered flow known as?

A

Laminar

58
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Random or chaotic

59
Q

What is random or chaotic flow known as?

A

Turbulent flow

60
Q

What does bulk flow depend on?

A

Pressure difference

61
Q

What occurs beyond the terminal bronchiole?

A

Diffusion

62
Q

What barrier is present in the alveoli?

A

Blood air barrier

63
Q

What is the normal PaO2 value?

A

10.5-13.5kPa

64
Q

What is the normal PaCO2 value?

A

4.8-6kPa

65
Q

What are the 2 kinds of respiratory failure?

A

Type 1

Type 2

66
Q

What is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

PaO2 < 8kPa, PaCO2 normal or low)

67
Q

What is type 2 respiratory failure?

A

PaCO2 > 6.5kPa, PaO2 usually low

68
Q

What are 4 abnormal states associated with hypoaemia?

A

Ventilation/perfusion imbalance (V/Q)

Diffusion impairment

Alveolar hypoventilation

Shunt

69
Q

What is hypoxaemia?

A

Low levels of oxygen in the blood

70
Q

What is low levels of oxygen in the blood known as?

A

Hypoxaemia

71
Q

What happens when alveolar oxygen tension falls?

A

Pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs so blood is not sent to alveoli short of oxygen

72
Q

What happens if there is arterial hypoxaemia?

A

All vessels constrict

73
Q

What is the size of a normal breath?

A

4L

74
Q

What is the normal cardiac output?

A

5L

75
Q

What is the normal ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) value?

A

0.8

76
Q

What is the commonest cause of hypoxaemia?

A

Low V/Q

77
Q

What does a low V/Q in some alveoli arise due to?

A

Local alveolar hypoventilation due to some disease

78
Q

What is shunt?

A

Blood passes from right to left side of the heart without contacting ventilated alveoli

79
Q

What is it called when blood travels from the right to the left side of the heart without contacting ventilated alveoli?

A

Shunt

80
Q

How do large shunts respond to increases in FIO2?

A

Poorly because the blood leaving the lung is already 98% saturated (no level of oxygen can oxygenate the blood because it cannot be passed onto the blood)

81
Q

What is FIO2?

A

The fraction of inspired air which is oxygen

82
Q

What is the normal value of FIO2?

A

0.21

Respiratory System COPY (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions