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The Integumentary System > Structure of the Skin > Flashcards

Structure of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the Integumentary system?

A

1: Regulates body temp
2: Stores blood
3: Protects from external environment
4: Detects cutaneous sensations
5: Excretes and absorbs substances
6: Synthesizes vitamin D

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2
Q

What are the components of the Integumentary system?

A

It includes:

The skin, hair, oil, sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors.

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3
Q

What does change in skin colour indicate?

A

A Homeostatic imbalance.

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4
Q

What is the most superfical portion of the skin?

A

A thin outer layer called the Epidermis.

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5
Q

What is the Deeper portion of the Skin called?

A

The deeper and thicker portion under the Epidermis is called the Dermis.

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6
Q

What is the portion of the Integumentary system that attaches under the Dermis?

A

This is the Subcutaneous layer.

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7
Q

What is Dermatology?

A

This is the study of the function, structure and disorders of the Integumentary system.

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8
Q

What is the Anatomical name for the Skin?

A

It is also referred to as the Cutaneous Membrane.

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9
Q

In adults, about how much does skin covers the body and how much does it weigh?

A

It covers about 2 square meters (22 square feet).

Weighs about 4.5 - 5 kg and is about 7% of the bodys weight.

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10
Q

is the Epidermis Vascular?

A

No, this is why when you get a cut on your skin and it doesn’t bleed this is because you’ve only cut the Epidermis not the Deeper Dermis.

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11
Q

What is the Anatomical name for the Subcutaneous layer?

A

It is also referred to as the Hypodermis.

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12
Q

What does the Subcutaneous / Hypodermis layer consist of?

A

Areolar and Adipose tissue.

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13
Q

What does the Subcutaneous layer serve as?

A

Fat storage, Contains large blood vessels thst supply the skin, also contains nerve endings called “Lamellated Corpuscles” or also named “Pacinian Corpuscles”.

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14
Q

What are the 4 principle cells that make up the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages and Tactile Epithelial cells.

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15
Q

What are the Nerve endings in the Subcutaneous layer that are sensitive to pressure?

A

These are called Lamellated Corpuscles / Pacinian Corpuscles.

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16
Q

What does the Cell Keratinocytes create?

A

it creates the Protein Keratin.

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17
Q

What does the Cell Keratinocytes create?

A

it creates the Protein Keratin.

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18
Q

Besides Keratin, what does the Keratinocyets create?

A

They also create a water repellent substance called Lamellar granules to reduce water entry and loss.
While helping keep water out it also inhibits the entry of Foreign Materials from invading the body.

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19
Q

What does Keratin in the Epidermis do for the Body?

A

Keratin is a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the Underlying tissue from cuts, heat, microbes, and chemicals.

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20
Q

What is the cell that makes up about 8% of the Epidermal cells?

A

Melanocytes.

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21
Q

What are the cells that produce pigment in the skin?

A

Melanin.

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22
Q

What is the Purpose of Melanin?

A

This is a Yellow, Red or black-brown pigment in the skin and absorbs the damaging UV rays.

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23
Q

What are all the cells in the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Intraepidermal macrophages, Tactile epithelial cells.

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24
Q

What do Intraepidermal macrophages do?

A

They help in Immune responses.

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25
Q

What do Meloncytes do?

A

They produce the pigment in the Skin?

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26
Q

What do Tactile epithelial cells do?

A

They function in the sensation of touch.

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27
Q

What do Tactile epithelial cells do?

A

They function in the sensation of touch.

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28
Q

How do the Intraepidermal Macrophages help in the Immune response?

A

They help the other immune cells, by recognizing an invading microbe and destroy it.

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29
Q

What are Intraepidermal macrophages also named?

A

The other name for these cells in the Epidermis is “Longerhans cells”.

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30
Q

What is the other name for Tactile Epithelial cells?

A

They are also named “Merkel Cells”.

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31
Q

What is the Stratum Basale?

A

This is the Deepest layer of the Epidermis and consist of a single layer of “Cuboidal or Columnar Keratinocytes”.
Some cells in this layer are “Stem cells” that undergo division to continually produce Keratinocytes.

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32
Q

What does the Second deeper layer of the skin in the Dermis consist of?

A

This layer of the skin is mostly composed of Dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

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33
Q

What is the layer of the Skin that has great tensile strength made from woven fibers?

A

This is the Dermis.

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34
Q

What layer of the skin can stretch and recoil and is very thick?

A

This is the Dermis.

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35
Q

What layers can the Dermis be divided into?

A

A more Superficial layer called the “Papillary Region” and the Deeper “Reticular Region”.

36
Q

What is the process of keratinization?

A

This is when the newly formed cells of the Stratum Basale are slowly pushed through the epidermal layers to the surface slowly and collect Keratin OTW.

37
Q

How long does the process of Keratinization take?

A

The whole process by which the cells move from the Stratum basale to the surface takes about 6 weeks in a layer of skin that is (0.1)mm Epidermis thickness.

38
Q

What are Capillary loops and where are they located?

A

These are blood vesicles within the Dermal Papillae

39
Q

What are Dermal Papillae?

A

These are Small nipple Shaped structures in the Papillary Region that greatly increase its surface area.
they project into the undersurface of the Epidermis.

40
Q

What are all the Layers of the Epidermis?

A

From Deepest to most Superficial:

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum.

41
Q

What does the Strata Spinosum provide for the Epidermis?

A

In summary:
Just superior to the Basale layer it is 8-10 rows of many sided Keratinocytes with bundles of keratin intermediate filaments.
Contains projections of Melanocytes and Intraepidermal Macrophages.

42
Q

What does the Stratum Basale layer provide for the Epidermis?

A

In summary:
This is the Deepest layer of the Epidermis Composed of a single row of “Cuboidal or Columnar keratinocytes” that contain Scattered Keratin Intermediate filaments.
Stem cells undergo division to produce new “Keratinocytes” Melanocytes and Tactile epithelial cells connected to tactile discs are scattered among Keratinocytes.

43
Q

What does the Stratum Granulosum provide for the Epidermis?

A

In summary:
There is 3-5 layers of Keratinocytes in which the organelles are beginning to degenerate, cells containing protein Keratohyalin and Lamellar Granules.

44
Q

What is Thick skin?

A

This is when the Epidermis has 5 strata layers.
It includes a thick “Stratum Corneum” and a layer called “Lucidum”.
Occurs in parts of the body that undergo higher friction.

45
Q

What is Thin skin?

A

This is the 4 normal layers of the Epidermis:

Stratum Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum and a Corneum.

46
Q

What are areas of the body that have “Thick Skin”?

A

Fingerprints, Palms and soles.

47
Q

what does the Stratum Lucidum Provide for the Epidermis?

A

In summary:

Present only in Thick skin areas, Containing 4-6 rows of Clear, Flat, dead Keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.

48
Q

What does the Stratum Corneum provide for the Epidermis?

A

In summary:

Few - 50 or more rows of dead, flat Keratinocytes that contain mostly Keratin.

49
Q

What layer of the Epidermis has Multiple layers of dead Keratinocytes used to protect to deeper Strata?

A

This is the Strata Corneum.

50
Q

What is the Abnormal thickening of the Stratum Coneum?

A

This is a Callus and they form by constant Friction in areas of the Epidermis and as a result increase the Cell production and keratin production in the area.

51
Q

What is contained in the Stratum Corneum?

A

The layers of dead skin vary from parts of the body.
Ranging from only a few layers to over 50 in thick skin areas.
The cells in this layer are extremely flat, plasma membrane enclosed packages of keratin. They no longer contain organelles or a nucleus.
The cells in this layer are arranged to hold tightly and the plasma membranes of the adjacent cells form strong connections with one another.

52
Q

What is conatined in the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Is present in only thick skin areas.
Consist of only 4-6 of flattened Clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes.
provides additional toughness to the skin in these areas.

53
Q

What is contained in the Stratum Granulosum?

A

This is the middle layer of the Epidermis, The cells in this layer start to die as they move away from the (dermal Blood vessels).
This layer marks the transition between deeper metabolic activity and the dead cells of the stratum above it.

54
Q

What is the cell process called Apoptosis?

A

This is a programmed cell death.

55
Q

Where Does Keratohyalin start to form?

A

In the Stratum Granulosum.

56
Q

What do the Lamellar Granules do for the Layers superfical to the Stratum Granulosum?

A

This helps to seal the spaces between cells in the Stratum Granulosum and all superficial to it to protect from Microbes and water repellant.

57
Q

What is the Distinctive feature of the Stratum Granulosum?

A

darkly stained granules of protein “Keratohyalin” which assembles keratin intermediate filaments into Keratin.

58
Q

What does the Idea of keratinization and growth of the Epidermis consist of?

A

This is the idea that as newly formed cells from the Stratum Basale are pushed to the Surface they will collect more and more Keratin, This is a process called Keratinization.

59
Q

What is contained in the Papillary Region of the Dermis?

A

This is the Most superficial region of the dermis and makes up about 1-5th of the Dermis.
Contains Thin collagen and fine elastic fibers.
“Dermal Papillae” greatly increase the surface area and project into the undersurface of the Epidermis.
All the Dermal papillae contain “Capillary loops”, they also contain Nerve ends that are sensitive to touch called “Corpuscles of touch” some contain “Free nerve endings” that give the feeling of warmth and cold.

60
Q

What is contained in the Reticular Region of the Dermis?

A

Attached to the “Subcutaneous layer”.
Contains bundles of thick collagen fibers, scattered fibroblast and various wondering cells.
Some Adipose cells are present in the deepest parts of the Region.
Hair, blood vessels, nerves, Sebaceous and Sudoriferous glands.

61
Q

What helps greatly increase the Dermis’s Surface area?

A

This is the “Dermal Papillae”.

They project into the Undersurface of the Epidermis.

62
Q

What do (EGF) Epidermal growth factor do?

A

They are a contributing factor to the growth of the Epidermal cells as well as in the Epidermal Wound Healing process.

63
Q

What is Dandruff?

A

An excessive amount of Keratinized cells shed from the skin of the scalp.

64
Q

What region of the Dermis has Collagen fibers arranged in a netlike pattern?

A

The Reticular Region of the dermis.

65
Q

What is the name for the Strength given to the skin by the Collagen and elastic fibers in the Dermis?

A

This is called Extensibility.

66
Q

What is the name for the skins ability to stretch?

A

This is called Elasticity.

67
Q

What is located in the Spaces between the collagen fibers in the Reticular Region of the Dermis?

A

Blood vessels, Hair, nerves, Sebaceous glands and Sudoriferous Sweat glands.

68
Q

What are Fingerprints created from?

A

They are the open Ducts of Sweat glands on the top of the Epidermal ridges as sweat pores.
the sweat and ridges form prints when touching a surface.

69
Q

When are Epidermal Ridges produced?

A

They are produced in the 3rd month of fetal development.

70
Q

What are Epidermal Ridges?

A

These are Downward projections of the Epidermis into the Dermis between the Dermal Papillae of the Papillary region.
They create a strong bond between the Epidermis and the Dermis in a region of high mechanical stress.
They also increase grip on the Epidermis.
They also increase the number of Corpuscles of touch and increase tactile sensitivity.

71
Q

What is the Papillary region of the Dermis in summary?

A

It is the Superficial portion of the dermis and consist of Areolar connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers.
Contains Dermal Ridges that house blood capillaries, Corpuscles of touch and free nerve endings.

72
Q

What is the reticular Region of the Dermis in summary?

A

Deeper portion of the dermis and consist of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers to give the skin its stretch and toughness.
in the spaces between those fibers it contains some Adipose cells, hair, nerves and Sebaceous/ sudoriferous glands.

73
Q

What makes the structural basis of the skins colour?

A

The pigments named Melanin, Hemoglobin and Carotene.

The amount of Melanin causes the skins colour to vary.

74
Q

What is it called when people have patches of Melanin in the skin?

A

This results in Freckles.

75
Q

What are the 2 forms of Melanin?

A

Pheomelanin and Eumelanin: The first one is present in the skin and the second is present in hair.

(check for answer)

76
Q

Where are Melaninocytes the most plentiful?

A

They are the most plentiful in the Penis, nipples/around the nipples, face and limbs and also present in mucus membranes.

77
Q

How do age/ liver spots occur in people?

A

These are slightly darker than freckles and are a build up of Melanin over time from exposure to the sun.

78
Q

What is a Nevus/ Mole?

A

This is a slightly raised, round, flat area that is a localized overgrowth of melanonocytes in one area.
These usually develop in childhood and infancy.

79
Q

What pigment in the skin gives the colour red?

A

This is Hemoglobin.

80
Q

What pigment in the skin gives the colour yellow-orange?

A

This is Carotene.
Held in the Stratum Corneum when too much is ingested.
And fatty areas of the Dermis and subcutaneous.

81
Q

What are the accessory structures of the Skin?

A

This would include:

Hair, Skin glands and Nails.

82
Q

What are the other name for Hairs?

A

Pili.

83
Q

Where is hair not present on the body?

A

Palm, palmer surface of the fingers , the soles of the feet, and planter surface of the feet.

84
Q

What determines Hair thickness and growth rate?

A

Hormonal influences.

85
Q

Can hair function in sensory reception?

A

Yes.

86
Q

What is the Hair composed of?

A

Each hair is composed of columns of Dead Keratinized Epidermal cells bonded together by extracellular proteins.

The Integumentary System (13 decks)

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