Issues and Debates (Clinical Psychology) Flashcards
What do the Individual differences mainly look at in Clinical Psychology?
Cultural Differences
What shows that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
Diathesis-Stress model Kirkbride et al (2012) Schizophrenia in Afro-Carribean people
How does the Diathesis-Stress Model show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
The diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia explains how an environmental trigger is necessary to activate a biological predisposition to schizophrenia; demonstrating social factors and cultural factors can be part of the cause
How does the Kirkbride et al (2012) show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
Kirkbride et al (2012) found three environmental factors predicted risk of schizophrenia in 427 participants aged 18-64 years old increased deprivation (which includes employment, income, education and crime) increased population density, and an increase in inequality (the gap between the rich and poor).
How does Schizophrenia and Afro-Carribean people show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
There are proportionately more people of Afro-Caribbean origin treated for schizophrenia in the UK than white people. This could be because those of Afro Caribbean descent are more likely to live in deprived areas with higher population densities.
What shows that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Depression?
De Graaf et al (2002) Prevalence rates of depression Bromet et al (2011)
How does De Graaf et al (2002) show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
Personality can affect mental disorder vulnerability. De Graaf et al. (2002) followed 7076 Dutch adults for 12 months and those who developed mood disorders (including depression) had scored higher for N (neuroticism) than those who remained healthy. This suggests that personality traits (or at least N) might explain and predict depression.
How does Prevalence rates of depression show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
Clinical depression is also a worldwide problem but affects from 2% to 19% in different countries. This suggests factors like poverty and exposure to violence play a role in the onset of depression
How does Bromet et al (2011) show that Cultural Effects can lead to Individual Differences in Schizophrenia?
A cross-cultural study by Bromet et al. (2011) sampled 90,000 people in 18 countries. France and the USA were the most depressed and the poorer countries showed less rather than more depression. This supports the idea that depression is a disorder of Western nations, not just a psychological response to poverty, crime or war.
What shows that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
Davison and Neale Interpretations of symptoms Cinnerella and Loewenthal DSM V DSM and ICD Kanazawa et al Japanese Americans Medical Model of Mental Disorders
How does Davison and Neale show that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
Davison and Neale (1994) revealed that Asian-Americans can be wrongly diagnosed as having a mental disorder by the Western diagnostic system. This is because this group displays withdrawn behaviour (which is actually desirable in the Asian-American culture). Therefore diagnosis is not valid
How can the Interpretations of Symptoms show that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
Some argue clinicians should be sensitive to the culture of the patient when making diagnoses. If the patient is from a culture where visions of god are common and seen as a blessing, the such experiences should not be seen as hallucinations and so they should not be diagnosed with schizophrenia. The DSM V now includes guidance on how to conduct a clinical interview with someone from a different culture. Therefore diagnosis is improving in validity
How does the DSM V show that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
The current DSM V has been designed to have cross cultural application. This means using cross cultural research (examining different cultural groups and how they experience mental disorders) to identify different symptom patterns of disorders in different cultural groups, and adding these to each mental disorder category. Therefore diagnosis is improving in validity.
How does Cinnerella and Loewenthal show that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
Cinnerella and Loewenthal (1999) investigated the influence of religion and culture on mental disorder. In Black Christian and Muslim Pakistani groups, depression and schizophrenia carried social stigma and there was a belief in the power of prayer.
How does the DSM and ICD show that Cultural Effects can lead to Different Diagnosis of Mental Health Disorders, affecting reliability + validity?
Differences in the American and European DSM and ICD 10 also suggest there are cultural differences in mental disorders. These systems sometimes lead to different diagnosis. However DSM V has been modified to be more consistent with the ICD 10. In the current DSM, disorders are grouped into families, with linked disorder grouped together. The clinical can move from the general to the specific.
