Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Revision Week > Obs and Gynae > Flashcards

Obs and Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

what is fibroid degeneration?

A

when a fibroid cuts off its own blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what ways can a cyst cause acute abdomen?

A

torsion, rupture and haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is adenomyosis?

A

endometrial glands grow in the myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a myomectomy?

A

surgical removal of fibroids from the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what nodes does ovarian cancer spread to?

A

directly to the para-aortic nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the embryological origin of the round ligament?

A

the gubernaculum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a granulose cell tumour?

A

stromal tumour of ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does a granulose cell tumour present?

A 
Heavy periods
intermenstrual bleeding 
acute abdomen 
precocious puberty 
pelvic mass
endometrial cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a sub-total hysterectomy?

A

just removing the body of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a total hysterectomy?

A

removing the body of the uterus and the cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the lifetime risk of a sexually active women acquiring genital HPV infection?

A

8 in 10

  • extremely common
  • extremely transmittable (mucosa to mucosa so can even be by touch)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the COCP is a risk factor for endometrial cancer?

A

false, it is protective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

true or false: heart failure can raise Ca125

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is adipose tissue considered an endocrine organ?

A

it converts androgens to oestrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does a snowstorm appearance on US suggest

A

a molar pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name some features associated with ectopic pregnancy:

A 
shock (in ruptured ectopic pregnancy)
peritonism
vaginal bleeding 
positive pregnancy test 
cervical excitation tenderness
shoulder tip pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the nerve supply to the diaphragm?

A

C3,4,5 (keeps your diaphragm alive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a threatened miscarriage?

A

Bleeding in early pregnancy but no evidence yet that pregnancy is not viable. usually a foetal pole and heart beat seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how would you diagnose an inevitable miscarriage?

A

Clinical diagnosis

Internal cervical os is opened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Caffeine limit during pregnancy?

A

<200 micrograms
1 cup of coffee a day

> 200 = risk of miscarriage and IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name some routine blood tests taken in every pregnancy at booking:

A

Serum antibodies
Syphillis, HIV, hepatitis B
Sickle and thalassaemia
Blood type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When would be screen for gestational diabetes?

A 
Previous large babies or carrying large baby
Family history of diabetes
Previous gestational diabetes
BMI >30
Higher risk ethnicity 
Signs or symptoms
Polyhydramnios
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What trisomies are screened for?

A

Trisomy 21
Trisomy 13
Trisomy 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the largest risk factor for Down syndrome?

A

Increased maternal age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Trisomy 18?

A

Edwards Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Trisomy 13?

A

Patau’s Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Purposes of booking scan?

A

Measure crown rump length to estimate time of delivery
Determine chorionicity
Determine viability of pregnancy
Look for significant obvious abnormality?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is observed at anomaly scan?

A 
Cleft lip
Brain development 
Size of head 
Skull formed in tact (no form of neural tube defects)
Check spine for neural tube defects
Ensure limbs work and a good length 
Look at feet to check for talipes
Bladder
Cord insertion 
Measure tummy 
Check kidneys are developing 
See where placenta is
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What medication may prevent spina bifida and anencephaly?

A

5mg Folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Who would be recommended high dose 5mg folic acid?

A 
Previous baby with neural tube defect 
High risk (obese, on enzyme inducer, diabetic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When should folic acid be started?

A

3 months before contraception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How many women are rhesus negative?

A

15% of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What ethnicity is associated with sickle cell disease?

A

Afro-carribean and African

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what ethnicity is associated with Thalassaemia?

A

Cypriot, eastern mediterranean, asian, indian and middle eastern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define presentation

A

What is the presenting part? usually head - cephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define postion

A

what what is the baby lying ?
Normal = occipito-anterior.
Can be occipito-posterior or orccipito-transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define malpresentation

A

anything presenting that is not the head.
Higher risk of cord prolapse and foetal distress.
<36 weeks it is entirely normal - baby moves about a lot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define station

A

Where presenting part of baby is within the pelvis. Felt vaginally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define engagement

A

How much of the of the foetal head is palpable abdominally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When assessing the cervix in pregnancy , what are you looking for?

A 
Dilatation
Length of cervix
Station of presenting part 
Consistency 
Position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the signs on vaginal examination of obstruction?

A

Oedema of the foetal head (caput)

Moulding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the signs on vaginal examination of obstruction?

A

Oedema of the foetal head (caput)
Moulding
Haematuria in mother
Foetal distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is entonox

A

Nitrous oxide and oxygen
Safe and short acting
Can give you nausea and vomitting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

side effects of opioids:

A 
Constipation  
Nausea
Respiratory depression 
Itch 
Sedation 
Urinary retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

how to reverse respiratory depression from opioid?

A

naloxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ductus arteriosus shunts pulmonary artery to descending….

A

Aorta

to bypass the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

ductus venous shunts umbilical vein to …

A

IVC

to bypass the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Category 1 C section

A

Immediate threat to life of baby or mum. Baby must be delivered in 30 minutes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Category 2 C section

A

Needs emergency delivery but not immediate threat to life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Category 3 C section

A

Scheduled c section that is needed but no foetal maternal compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Category 4 C section

A

Elective, planned, time suits woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Can women choose an elective C section as a birth option?

A

Yes

but need to be counselled as risks

53
Q

How many women have C sections?

A

1/4

54
Q

Methods of inducing:

A

Membrane sweep
Give vaginal propess (prostoglandin)
Give balloon that mechanically dilate cervix
Syntocinon if no uterine contractions started using above

55
Q

How common is induction?

A

1/5 labours are induced

56
Q

What are the names of the 3 foetal cardiac shunts?

A

Foramen ovale, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus

57
Q

What prep happens in 3rd trimester?

A

Surfactant production
Accumulation of glycogen- liver, muscle and heart Accumulation of brown fat – between scapulae and around internal organs
Swallowing amniotic fluid

58
Q

causes of respiratory distress in infants?

A 
Surfactant deficiency 
Infection
Pthorax
Cardiac condition 
Metabolic acidosis
TTN
59
Q

Causes of respiratory distress in infants?

A 
Surfactant deficiency 
Infection
Pthorax
Cardiac condition 
Metabolic acidosis
TTN
60
Q

Give some examples of autosomal dominant conditions?

A

Huntingtons, Marfans, Neurofibromatosis

61
Q

Give some examples of x linked recessive conditions?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Haemophilia A

62
Q

Give some examples of autosomal recessive conditions?

A

Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle cell sydnrome
Taysachs

63
Q

what is toxoplasmosis?

A

a parasite causing congenital infections (miscarriage, still birth, seizures, learning disability)

64
Q

What is toxoplasmosis carried in?

A

raw meat, cat faeces, soil, unpasteurised milk

65
Q

Why would we advise pregnant women to avoid liver?

A

it contains vitamin A which is teratogenic

66
Q

Why would we advise pregnant women to avoid unpasteurised milk?

A

risk of TB and toxoplasmosis

67
Q

Why do we advise pregnant women to avoid soft cheese?

A

risk of listeria

68
Q

Why would we advise women to stay away from shark/tuna/swordfish?

A

contains mercury which is teratogenic and potentially causes mental disability in offspring

69
Q

Why would we tell pregnant women to avoid Pate?

A

potentially undercooked meat and risk of listeria

70
Q

What vitamins are recommended in pregnancy?

A

Folic acid

Vitamin D

71
Q

Alcohol in pregnancy is associated with:

A

Deformed facial features
Attention deficit disorder
Reduced IQ
Kidney defects

72
Q

What are PAPPA, HCG and nuchal translucency?

A

1st trimester screening. OFFERED but not routine

73
Q

What are oestradiol, AFP and inhibin?

A

2nd trimester screening

74
Q

Risks of rubella in pregnancy?

A

Neonatal cataracts, deafness, learning disability, heart defects and miscarriage i contracted <20 weeks

75
Q

Any bleeding after 12 weeks, in someone who is Rh-ve, what do we do?

A

Give Anti D to try mop up any foetal maternal haemorrhage. This is because if not the mum will produce an immune response to the foreign antigen.

76
Q

What is a ‘sensitising even’t for rhesus -ve women?

A 
TOP 
Abdominal trauma 
CVS or amnio
Miscarriage 
APH
77
Q

What does a Kleihauer test do?

A

Measures number of foetal maternal haemorrhages and ensures we dose Anti D appropriately

78
Q

Methods for operative vaginal delivery?

A

Forceps

Ventouse

79
Q

Requirement for vaginal deliver?

A

Fully dilated

Head below spines

80
Q

Describe the difference between the anterior fontanelle and the posterior fontanelle

A

Anterior fontanelle = 4 sutures run from it therefore it is a DIAMOND shape
Posterior fontanelle = 3 sutures run from it therefore is a TRIANGLE shape

81
Q

what function does feeling the fontanelles have?

A

determining foetal position during a vaginal examination

82
Q

Why is general anaesthetic higher risk in a pregnant women?

A

progesterone effects during pregnancy relaxes ligaments. There is a higher risk of aspiration due to relaxed GOS, increased weight and breast tissue means high risk of failed intubation.

83
Q

When may general anaesthetic be chosen above spinal?

A

QUICKER! used in emergencies when you don’t have the 15 minutes to wait for spinal anaesthetic to take

84
Q

What does ‘two big blue eyes, one big red mouth’ help you remember?

A

There are 2 umbilical arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from foetus to placenta.
There is 1 umbilical vein carrying oxygenated blood from placenta to foetus

85
Q

Foramen ovale shunts left to right….

A

atrium

86
Q

what is the function of the placenta

A

Gas exchange
Transfer of nutrients to foetus
Waste product transport from foetus
Transfer of IgG

87
Q

What is the transition of circulation at delivery?

A 
Pulmonary vascular resistance drops.
Systemic vascular resistance rises.
Oxygen tension rises.
Circulating prostaglandins drop.
Duct constricts.
Foramen ovale closes.
88
Q

What is hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

Lack of oxygen, causing cell death and resulting neurological deficit

89
Q

3 most important factors in the first three hours of life?

A

Thermoregulation

Glucose homeostasis

90
Q

Glucose homeostasis in babies?

A

Separation from placental glucose supply,
Use of glycogen stores.
Ability to use ketones as brain fuel

91
Q

Hypoglycaemia in babies risk factors:

A 
Prematurity <37 weeks
Maternal diabetes 
Maternal B blockers
Hypothermia
Hyperinsulinism
92
Q

Why is jaundice r common in babies?

A

physiological breakdown breakdown of foetal haemoglobin

93
Q

what is kernicterus

A

rare neurological disorder characterised by excessive levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood

94
Q

What are the benefits of breast milk?

A 
Bonding/positive mental health
Transfer of immunoglobulins
Decreased risk of adult co-morbidities 
Decreased risk of SIDS
Protective against breast, ovarian cancer and heart disease for mum
95
Q

What is variability on a CTG?

A

Upper and lower aspect of the base rate

96
Q

What are accelerations on a CTG?

A

> 15 bpm above base rate.

A sign of health

97
Q

What are decelerations of a CTG?

A

> 15 bpm below the base rate.

98
Q

What do contractions on a CTG show?

A

How many - not how strong!

99
Q

What are early decelerations?

A

Normal - physiological.

Sign that the head is getting compressed in contractions

100
Q

What are variable decelerations?

A

All appear different. Can be physiological (cord being compressed) but if they persist can be a sign of foetal distress

101
Q

What are late decelerations?

A

Always PATHOLOGICAL and a sign of foetal distress. DELIVER

102
Q

What is the risk in pre-eclampsia?

A

Eclampsia - a fit

103
Q

Initial assessment of pre-eclampsia?

A

ABCDE - don’t forget glucose

104
Q

Treatment of pre-eclampsia?

A

Labetalol and nifedipine orally

105
Q

What counts as severe pre-eclampisa?

A

> 160/110

106
Q

How do we treat severe pre-eclampsia?

A

IV labetolol or hydralazine.
MGSO4 for seizure protection.
Fluid restriction.

107
Q

With treatment of pre-eclampsia, what BP are we aiming for>

A

130/85

108
Q

What is the ultimate treatment for pre-eclamapsia?

A

Delivery

109
Q

Why don’t we give ergometrine in pre-eclampsia?

A

Increases BP

110
Q

If someone has suffered from pre-eclampsia, what would we do in their next delivery plan?

A

Make them take aspirin from 12 weeks.

111
Q

What are the signs of cerebral irritation in pre-eclampsia?

A

Conus, confusion, hyper reflexia, agitation

112
Q

Causes of bleeding >24 weeks gestation?

A 
Placenta praevia 
Placental abruption 
Vasa praevia 
Ectropion 
Infection 
Trauma 
Uterine rupture
113
Q

How does placenta praevia present?

A

Painless PV bleed

114
Q

How does placental abrution present?

A

Painful bleed but can be painful and concealed

115
Q

How does vasa praevia present?

A

Small PV bleed at time of ruptured membraned with acute and severe foetal distress

116
Q

How do we try avoid blood transfusions in obstetrics?

A

Optimise Hb in pregnancy - treat anaemia and active 3rd stage to reduce chance of PPH

117
Q

In an emergency, what type of blood can be used universally

A

O -ve

118
Q

What type of blood products are used?

A 
RBC's
Platelet 
Cryoprecipitate
FFP
Cell salvage
119
Q

What causes a pregnancy to be small for dates?

A 
Wrong dating
Idiopathic 
Multiple pregnancy 
TORCH infections
Placental dysfunction 
Foetal anaemia 
Genetic syndromes
120
Q

What causes a pregnancy to be large for dates?

A

Wrong dating

121
Q

What are the risks of a small for dates baby?

A

Still birth
Foetal distress
Risk of pre-term delivery

122
Q

What are large for dates babies at an increased risk of?

A 
Obstruction in labour
Shoulder dystocia 
Maternal trauma from tears
Sphincter injury 
PPH
123
Q

What are twins at higher risk of?

A 
Anaemia
Stillbirth
Foetal abnormalities 
PPH 
Operational delivery 
Gestational diabetes
Pre-eclampisa
IUGR
124
Q

What is the highest risk type of twins?

A

Monochorionic as they share a placenta. Can develop twin to twin transfusion

125
Q

Causes of PPH:

A
  1. Tone
  2. Tissue (some placenta left behind)
  3. Trauma (perineal or cervix tears)
  4. Thrombin (coagulopathy occurs or clotting disorder)
126
Q

How do we treat tone caused PPH?

A

Uterotonics (oxytocin, ergometrine, carboprost, misoprostal) and empty bladder.

127
Q

How do we treat tissue caused PPH?

A

Empty uterus

128
Q

How do we treat trauma caused PPH?

A

Identify bleed and stop it surgically

129
Q

How do we treat thrombin caused PPH?

A

Treat cause of coagulopathy and replace factors

Revision Week (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions