Disease Resistance

Question 1

Define Resistance.

Answer 1

The ability of the immune system to fight off disease.

Question 2

What is resistance a function of?

Answer 2

A. Genetics
B. Sex
C. Stress level
D. Physical condition

Question 3

What are the first 5 animal defense mechanisms?

Answer 3

1. Hair/wool
2. Skin
3. Mucous membranes
4. Secretions
5. Nasal turbinate bones (pigs)

Question 4

Name 4 gastrointestinal defenses.

Answer 4

1. HCI (hydrochloride acid) & bile
2. Digestive enzymes
3. Movement of digesta
4. Normal Microflora

Question 5

List the 4 urinary and genetically defenses.

Answer 5

1. Flow of urine and milk- flushing action
2. Vaginal, urinary pH
3. Long urethra
4. Antibacterial enzymes- lactoferrin in milk

Question 6

What are 2 conjunctival defenses?

Answer 6

1. Flushing action

2. Antibacterial enzyme- lysozyme

Question 7

What is inflammation?

Answer 7

An increase in blood flow at the site of infection. It results in redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Question 8

What is the purpose of inflammation?

Answer 8

To build up disease fighting cells and substances.

Question 9

What is the benefit and disadvantage of inflammation?

Answer 9

Benefit: a rapid response to invasion which may stop disease progression

Disadvantage: non-specific inflammatory compound released can also harm host.

Question 10

What does the lymph system do?

Answer 10

Filter extracellular fluid and returns it back to the bloodstream.

Question 11

What causes swollen lymph nodes?

Answer 11

Lymph circulation increase to transport the pathogen to the lymph notes where immune cells are summoned.

Question 12

What does the spleen do?

Answer 12

Filters blood and looks for pathogens. Once it filters the blood it returns it back to the bloodstream. It also stores red blood cells.

Question 13

What does bone marrow do?

Answer 13

Produces white blood cells.

Question 14

What are white blood cells?

Answer 14

A collection of cells that work together to fight pathogens.

Question 15

What are leukocytes?

Answer 15

White blood cells

Question 16

What are Erythrocytes?

Answer 16

Red blood cells. They carry oxygen by binding iron.

Question 17

What is the Thymus?

Answer 17

An organ located near the heart where some white blood cells (T-cells) must go to mature.

Question 18

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 18

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Question 19

What are B-cells?

Answer 19

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow into plasma cells, they produce antibodies (Humoral immunity)

Question 20

What are T-cells?

Answer 20

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and attacks foreign cells and kills them (Cell-mediated immunity)

Question 21

What are Cytotoxic and Killer T’s?

Answer 21

They destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells, also implicated in transplant reflection. They also recognize MHC presented antigens.

Question 22

What do Helper T’s do?

Answer 22

Divide rapidly and secrete small proteins called cytokines.

Question 23

What do Suppressor T’s do?

Answer 23

Shut down T cell-mediated immunity.

Question 24

What do Memory T’s do?

Answer 24

Persist long after an infection has resolved. Th quickly expand to large numbers upon re-exposure to their antigen.

Question 25

What do Monocytes do?

Answer 25

They ingest microorganisms/toxins in order to neutralize pathogens. When they migrate to other tissues they’re called macrophages.

Question 26

What are the steps of a macrophage ingesting a pathogen?

Answer 26

A. Engulf the pathogen
B. Pathogen is engulfed in the lysosome
C. Ware material is expelled

Question 27

Location of Fixed macrophages

Answer 27

Lining of the blood vessels, spleen, and liver.

Question 28

Location of Free macrophages

Answer 28

In the blood and lymph fluid, rush to the site of infection and penetrate tissues