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PSYC 300A MIDTERM #1 > CHAPTER 1/3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1/3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does reliability refer to?

A

Consistency of measurement

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2
Q

What does Inter-Rater reliability refer to?

A

the degree to which two independent observers agree on what they have observed

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3
Q

What is test-retest reliability?

A

Measures the extent to which people being observed twice or taking the same test twice, perhaps several weeks or months apart receive similar scores.

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4
Q

What is alternate form reliability?

A

The extent to which scores on the two forms of the test are consistent.

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5
Q

What is internal consistency validity?

A

Assesses whether the items in a test are related to one another.

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6
Q

What is Validity?

A

Is a complex concept, generally related to whether a measure measures what it is supposed to measure.

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7
Q

What are the two types of validity that are often used in considering diagnosis and symptoms?

A

Content validity and construct validity

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8
Q

What is content validity?

A

Refers to whether a measure adequately samples the domain of interest.

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9
Q

What is construct validity?

A

A more complex concept than content validity that is relevant when we want to interpret a test as a measure of some characteristic or construct that is not observed directly or overtly.
-A construct is an inferred attribute, such as anxiousness or distorted cognition.

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10
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

The idea that if you meet the criteria for one diagnosis you likely have symptoms of another disorder.
ex. anxiety and depression overlap.

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11
Q

What is Research Domain Criteria (RDoc)?

A

The RDoC domains refer to psychological variables that are relevant for many different conditions, such as problems in responses to negative stimuli or contexts, problems in responses to positive stimuli or contexts, cognitive problems, social problems, or lack of ability to regulate emotion or behavior.

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12
Q

What is an example of categorical classification?

A

Ex. Does the person have schizophrenia or not? do the symptoms fit the category of mania or not? This is what the DSM5 clinical diagnosis are based on

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13
Q

What is the Dimensional diagnostic system?

A

Describes the degree of an entity that is present. (EX. A 1-10 scale of anxiety. 1 being normal, 10 being severe)

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14
Q

What is a structured interview?

A

Where questions are set out in a prescribed fashion for the interview.

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15
Q

What is stress?

A

Stress can be conceptualized as the subjective experience of distress in response to perceived environmental problems.

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16
Q

What is meant by personality inventory?

A

The person is asked to complete a self-report questionnaire indicating whether statements assessing habitual tendencies apply to him or her

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17
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory-2 (MMPI2)?

A

A well-known test that was designed to detect several psychological problems.

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18
Q

What is the big five inventory?

A

A personality test.

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19
Q

what is an intelligence test?

A

Often refers to as an IQ test, is a way of assessing a person’s current cognitive ability.

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20
Q

What is the Ecological momentary assessment or EMA?

A

It involves the collection of data in real-time as opposed to the more usual methods of having people reflect back over sometime and report on recently experienced thoughts, moods, or stressors.

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21
Q

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging? (MRI)

A

During an MRI the person is placed inside a large circular magnetic tube which causes hydrogen atoms in the body to move and when the magnet is turned off the atoms return to their original positions. Thereby producing an electromagnetic signal where the signals are then read by the computer and translated into pictures of brain tissue.

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22
Q

What is an fMRI?

A

The fMRI allows researchers to measure both brain structure and function. This technique takes MRI pictures so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured.(Providing a picture of the brain work rather than of its structure alone)
It measures blood flow to the brain and this is called the bold signal which stands for blood oxygenation level dependent.

23
Q

What is an fMRI?

A

The fMRI allows researchers to measure both brain structure and function. This technique takes MRI pictures so quickly that metabolic changes can be measured.(Providing a picture of the brain work rather than of its structure alone)
It measures blood flow to the brain and this is called the bold signal which stands for blood oxygenation level-dependent.

24
Q

What is a PET Scan?

A

-A more expensive and invasive procedure which allows measurement of those brain structure and brain function although the measure meant of brain structure is not as precise as with MRI of fMRI.
Positron emission tomography.

25
Q

What is connectivity?

A

Aims to identify how different areas of the brain are connected with one another.

26
Q

What is Neuropsychological Tets?

A

-Tests often used in conjunction with the brain imaging techniques just described, both to detect brain dysfunction and to help pinpoint specific areas of behavior that are impacted by problems in the brain.

27
Q

What is tactile performance test time?

A

While blindfolded the person tries to fit variously shaped blocks into spaces of a foam board first using the preferred hand and then the other, finally both.

28
Q

What is tactile performance test memory?

A

After completing the time test the person is asked to draw from board memory showing the blocks in the proper location both us and the time tests are sensitive to damage in the right parietal lobe.

29
Q

What is a speech sounds perception test?

A

Participants listen to a series of nonsense words is comprising to consonants with the longest sound in the middle. Events like the word they heard from a set of alternatives. the test measures left hemisphere function, especially temporal and parietal areas.

30
Q

What is Psychophysiology?

A

it is concerned with the bodily changes that are associated with psychological events

31
Q

What is an electrocardiogram? (EKG)

A

Seen as the waves on a computer screen (maybe) ????

32
Q

What is electrodermal responding?

A

Another measure of automatic nervous system activity.

33
Q

What are hypocrites?

A

Often considered one of the earliest proponents of the notion that something wrong with the brain contributes to psychological disorders.

34
Q

What is an exorcism?

A

The ritualistic casting out of evil spirits.

35
Q

What was regarded to be supernatural before the age of scientific inquiry?

A

All good and bad manifestations of power beyond human control things such as eclipses earthquakes storms, fires, diseases, and the changing seasons.

36
Q

What three categories do Hippocrates classify psychological disorders into?

A

Mania, Melancholia, and phrenitis or brain fever.

37
Q

How did monks care for people with psychological disorders?

A

By praying over them and touching them with relics they also created fantastic potions for them to drink in the .. phase of the moon

38
Q

What are lunacy trials?

A

In the 13th-century lunacy trials to determine a person’s mental health were held in England.

39
Q

what are Asylums?

A

Asylums are refugees for the housing and care of people with psychological disorders.

40
Q

Who is Philip Pinel?

A

Pinel has often been considered s primary figure in the movement for the more humane treatment of people with psychological disorders in Asylums.

41
Q

Who is Francis Galton?

A

Francis Galton is associated with twin studies and the coming terms nature and nurture. He is also associated with eugenics movement meaning keeping women from having children to restrict genetic patterns.

42
Q

What are some of the well known Biological Treatments?

A
  • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) which was originated by two Italian physicians Ugo carletti and Lucino Bini.
  • Prefrontal Lobotomy - 1935 Egas Moniz Portuguese Psychiatrist.
43
Q

What are some Psychological approaches?

A

Cathartic Method. ????

44
Q

What medical condition can develop from untreated syphilis?

A

general paresis (Delusional and Paralyzed)

45
Q

Who is the person considered the father of modern medicines proposed that mental disorders …?

A

Hippocrates.

46
Q

What is the theory that argues abnormal behavior reflects unconscious conflicts within the person psychoanalytic theory?

A

The Law Effect

47
Q

Who pioneered the classification of mental illness based on biological causes?

A

Emil Kraepelin

48
Q

What therapy makes you aware of maladaptive thoughts and challenge them?

A

Cognitive Therapy

49
Q

What is the term that is used to describe learning that takes place by watching and imitating others?

A

Modeling

50
Q

What person is considered one of the early practitioners of modern-day hypnosis?

A

Franz Anton Mesmer

51
Q

What is stigma?

A

The reference of negative views and attitudes held by society about groups

52
Q

What kinds of things can you say to create a change in stigma?

A

“words matter”
“I’m not okay, that’s okay”
“Each of us is part of the solution”

53
Q

Why is it important to study abnormal psychology?

A
  • we need to create a treatment
  • to help remove stigmas
  • Mental health affects our work, lives, performance.
  • 46.4% of people in the world will suffer from a mental health disorder.
  • Causes stress + struggle for those close to you.
  • Economic reason to care about this.
  • Because mental health can cause physical disability too.
  • Knowledge is power, information is liberating + education is the promise of progress.

PSYC 300A MIDTERM #1 (3 decks)

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