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Question 1

Domains of development

Answer 1

Physical
Cognitive
Social (and emotional)

Question 2

Domains:

Development is best considered as..

Answer 2

the interrelationships between the domains

Question 3

In development abilities (3)

Answer 3

Advance, decrease and specialise

Question 4

Social reform movements created what is the field. Example. (1)

Answer 4

Growing awareness of effect of environment on child development.

Industrial revolution

Question 5

Darwin’s theory of evolution established what in the field.

How (1)

Answer 5

Beginnings of a research-based approach. Comparison of human and animal (orangutang) development.

Question 6

Freud developed the (1)

When (1)

Answer 6

Psychoanalytic approach

19-20th century

Question 7

Define Psychoanalytic approach

Answer 7

“Biological drives a crucial influence on development”

Question 8

Watson developed what.

When

Answer 8

Behaviorism. 19-20th century.

Question 9

Define behaviourism

Answer 9

“Child behavior arises largely from reward and punishment that follows particular behaviors”

Question 10

Enduring themes of development (3)

Answer 10

Nature vs Nurture
CONTINUITY VS DISCONTINUITY
KINDS OF CHANGE

Question 11

Define Nature (NvN)

Answer 11

Biological endowment, genes from biological parents.

Question 12

Define Nurture (NvN)

Answer 12

Environments (physical and social) that influence development

Question 13

Define epigenetics
Give example (1)

Answer 13

Interaction of genes and environment determines what and when changes occur.

Eg: Genes influence neurotransmitters, experiences affects brain plasticity.

Question 14

Define Continuous development + example

Answer 14

Age related changes that occur gradually. Eg: A tree growing

Question 15

Define Discontinuous development + example

Answer 15

Occasional large shifts. Eg: Caterpillar – Chrysalis - Butterfly

Question 16

Define Normative Age-graded change

Example (1)

Answer 16

Normative Age-graded change: Universal, linked to a specific age. Eg: First steps.

Question 17

Define Normative history- graded change

Example (1)

Answer 17

Normative history- graded change: Members of a cohort as a result of factors at work during a specific, well defined historical time period. Eg: lowering age of puberty.

Question 18

Define Non-Normative change

Example (1)

Answer 18

Non-Normative change: Individual differences, unique unshared events. Eg: Conception.

Question 19

Define Sensitive period

Example (1)

Answer 19

Length of time where the brain is very responsive to certain experience.
Eg: Parent-Infant Secure attachment

Question 20

Define critical period

Example (1)

Answer 20

Length of time where irreversible changes to the brain occur is response to certain experiences. Development due to atypical experiences is irreversible.
Eg: Language development

Question 21

Factors that influence development (2)

Answer 21

Internal and External

Question 22

Internal factors that influence development + definitions/examples (4)

Answer 22

Maturation: Sequential and predictable patterns of growth and development: different rates, same pathway. (Arnold Gessell).

Inborn bias: Eg: Whole object bias.

Behavior genetics: Genes that contribute to behaviour (twin studies).

Pre/Perinatal history: Maternal factors (Eg: substance misuse), Prematurity, Birth weight.

Question 23

External factors that influence development + definitions/examples (3)

Answer 23

Social environment. Eg: SES.

Sociocultural context. Eg: Denmark vs USA, sleeping in same bed as parents.

Parenting (controversial).