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Biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a form of nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. The daughter nuclei are genetically identical.

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2
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Cytokinesis
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3
Q

What happens at prophase(Mitosis) ?

A
  1. Asters grow out from centrioles.
  2. The two pairs of centrioles move apart to the opposite poles of the cell.
  3. The nucleolus disappears.
  4. Chromatin condenses, coil and shorten to become chromosomes.
  5. Each chromosome is two sister chromatids attached to the centromere.
  6. Nuclear envelope disappears.
  7. Spindle fibre extends from one pole of the cell to another.
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4
Q

What happens at Metaphase(Mitosis)?

A
  1. Chromosomes line up singly along the equator of the spindle.
  2. The centromere of each chromosome is attached to a spindle fibre
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5
Q

What happens at Anaphase(Mitosis)?

A
  1. Each centromere splits.
  2. The spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell.
  3. Once the sister chromatids are separated they are known as daughter chromosomes.
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6
Q

What happens at the Telophase(Mitosis)?

A
  1. Spindle fibres disintegrate.
  2. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes.
  3. A nucleolus forms inside each nucleus.
  4. Chromosomes uncoil and lengthen into chromatin.
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7
Q

What happens at the cytokinesis(Mitosis)?

A
  1. The cytoplasm divides.

2. In animal cells, furrows formed, deepened and eventually split the cell into two.

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8
Q

What is the Importance of mitosis?

A
  1. Growth of an organism
  2. Repair of worn-out parts of tissue, wound healing and replacement of dead cells
  3. Asexual reproduction in plants such as the development of shoots and roots in storage organs.
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9
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a form of nuclear division that produces daughter nuclei containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

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10
Q

What happens at the Prophase 1(Meiosis)?

A
  1. Chromatin condenses, coil and shorten to become chromosomes.
  2. Homologous chromosomes have the same shape, same genes and same length.
  3. Synapsis occurs and homologous chromosomes pair up
  4. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes is called chiasma
  5. The centrioles reach opposite poles of the cell
  6. Spindle fibre forms
  7. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate
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11
Q

What happens at Metaphase 1(Meiosis)?

A

Homologous chromosomes arrange themselves along the equator of the cell. Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase 1.

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12
Q

What happens at Anaphase 1(Meiosis)?

A
  1. Homologous chromosomes separate.

2. One of each pair of the homologous chromosomes is pulled to the opposite pole of the cell.

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13
Q

What happens at Telophase 1(Meiosis)?

A
  1. Spindle fibre disintegrates
  2. Nuclear envelope reforms (Animal cells only)
  3. Most plant cells skip Telophase 1 and move straight to Metaphase 2
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14
Q

What happens at Cytokinesis 1(Meiosis)?

A
  1. Centrioles replicate
  2. Cytoplasm cleaves to produce two daughter cells
  3. The cells now are haploid( 23 Chromosomes)
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15
Q

What happens at Metaphase 2(Meiosis)?

A
  1. The chromosomes line up singling along the equator of the cell.
  2. This arrangement is different from Metaphase 1, where the homologous chromosomes lie next to each other.
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16
Q

What happens at Anaphase 2(Meiosis)?

A
  1. Centromere divides and daughter chromosomes are separated.
  2. Daughter chromosomes are then pulled to the opposite poles of the cell.
17
Q

What happens at Telophase 2(Meiosis)?

A

Spindle fibres disintegrate and nuclear envelopes form.

18
Q

What happens at cytokinesis 2(Meiosis)?

A

Cells divide, forming four daughter cells, each with haploid number of chromosomes.

19
Q

What are the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Produces haploid gametes, which fuse together during fertilisation to form diploid cells.
  2. Meiosis allow genetic variation because of crossing over between homologous chromosomes (Chiasma) at prophase 1
  3. Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase 1
  4. Variation increases the chances of survival of the species during changes in the environment.
20
Q

What is growth?

A

Growth occurs in all living things. It is a permanent increase in size. It’s also accompanied by cell division and differentiation to form tissues and organs.

Biology (12 decks)

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