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BIO 111 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Element

A

A substance that is composed of a single type of atom and cannot be separated into simpler parts by chemical methods; 92 are naturally occurring

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2
Q

4 Most Common Elements Found in Organisms

A
  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Oxygen (O)
  • Nitrogen (N)
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3
Q

Atoms

A

The basic units of all matter; composed of three subatomic particles:

  • Neutrons
  • Protons
  • Electrons
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4
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged particles found in the nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles that form a “cloud” around the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (same number of electrons)

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8
Q

Atomic Weight

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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9
Q

Isotope

A

Forms of the same chemical element that differ in their number of neutrons; useful tools in biological research

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10
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

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11
Q

Compound

A

A molecule consisting of more than one element

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12
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Form between the outer (valence) shell of atoms when electrons are lost, gained or shared in order to achieve their most stable state

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13
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Form between cations and anions because of strong attractions between positive and negative charges

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14
Q

Cation

A

Negatively charged ion; gains electrons

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15
Q

Anion

A

Positively charged ion; losses electrons

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16
Q

Ion

A

An atom that is no longer neutral due to the loss or gain of an electron

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17
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms (pairs of valence electrons)

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18
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Found in an atom’s outer shell

19
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Bond

A

The electrons are shared equally

20
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

The electrons are shared unequally

21
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule

22
Q

pH

A

A measure of acidity of aqueous solutions:

  • 0-6: acidic
  • 7: neutral
  • 8-14: basic (alkaline)
23
Q

Buffer

A

A compound that stabilizes the pH of a solution; prevents a dramatic rise or fall in pH

24
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules that contain 10S of atoms to billions of atoms; complex enough that life is usually necessary to make them
- organic: contain at least carbon and hydrogen

25
Q

4 Types of Macromolecules

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
26
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars, starch, glycogen, chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan; most are composed of ringed molecules (one up to thousands)

27
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars; primary choice to make cellular energy (ATP)

28
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates that cells make to store energy in the form of a carbohydrate ( glycogen in animals, starch in plants); Complex carbohydrate molecules that cells use as building blocks of cell walls (chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria)

29
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fat molecules (lipids) that cells construct to store energy:

  • Saturated fat: Solid at room temperature
  • Unsaturated fat: Liquid at room temperature
30
Q

Phospholipids

A

Fat molecules (lipids) that cells construct as building blocks for cell membranes and other membrane-bound organelles

31
Q

Steroids

A

Fat molecules (lipids) that have four carbon rings connected to each other (cholesterol and some hormones)

32
Q

Protein

A

Molecule made up of amino acids (20 different types); conduct most of the cellular work; used for building blocks for cell walls, cell membranes, flagella, cilia, and organelles; used as enzymes that allow cells to create chemical reactions

33
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Made up of nucleotides (1000s - 1000000s); DNA, RNA, ATP

33
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that function as biological catalysts, facilitating the conversion of a substrate into a product; specific to one type of substrate; end in -ase

34
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered or depleted in the process

35
Q

Active Site

A

Small crevices on enzymes that allow a substrate to precisely bond to it

36
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

The temporary binding of an enzyme and a substrate which lowers the activation energy for a reaction

37
Q

Cofactors

A

An inorganic substance (minerals) that loosely attach to enzymes and complete the active site; without them, enzymes cannot function correctly and normal metabolism is impaired

38
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic substances (vitamins) that attach to enzymes and complete the active site; without them, enzymes cannot function correctly and metabolism is impaired

39
Q

Environmental Factors That Can Disrupt the Normal Shape and Function of Enzymes

A
  • Temperature: speeds up or slows down the rate of reactions; too high temperatures denature enzymes
  • Salt concentration: most operate best at low concentrations
  • pH: best at values slightly above 7
40
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

The temporary binding of regulatory molecules to the allosteric site of an enzyme

41
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

The end product of a chemical reaction serves as an allosteric inhibitor

42
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

An inhibitor molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents the true substrate from binding

43
Q

Non-Competitive Inhibition

A

An inhibitor molecule binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme and permanently changes the shape of the enzyme

BIO 111 (15 decks)

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