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FGIA General > Group 4.A - Building Codes - Evolution Types and Requirements > Flashcards

Group 4.A - Building Codes - Evolution Types and Requirements Flashcards

Learn evolution of building codes, their current provisions related to windows, doors and skylights, certification programs and some state-specific requirements.

1
Q

BOCA, ICBO and SBCI combined in the 1970’s to form:

A

Council of American Building Officials (CABO)

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2
Q

CABO initially published two codes

A

CABO One and Two Family Dwelling Code

CABO Model Energy Code (MEC)

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3
Q

In what year was the ICC formed?

A

1994

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4
Q

Year that the first edition of the ICC International Building Code was published

A

2000

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5
Q

Year that BOCA, ICBO, SBCI absorbed into the ICC and ceased to exist.

A

2004

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6
Q

IRC Applies to what buildings?:

A

1 & 2 family detached homes

Multiple single-family dwellings 3 stories or less (with separate egress and accessory structures)

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7
Q

IBC applies to what buildings?

A

All buildings not specifically included in the IRC.

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8
Q

For fenestration, the I-Codes (IRC and IBC) reference what industry standards?

A

AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440

North American Fenestration Standard/Specification (for windows doors and skylights) or NAFS.

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9
Q

The basic codes requirements for fenestration place limits on three pillars of fenestration performance. What are they?

AWS

A

Air infiltration Resistance
Water Penetration resistance
Structural Capability.

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10
Q

Other IBC Requirements beyond NAFS include

A

Fire resistance rating of fenestration near adjacent buildings.

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11
Q

The I-codes define a skylight as a:

A

Fenestration product installed at an angle greater than 15 degrees from vertical. Anything less than 15 degrees from vertical is still a ‘window’.

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12
Q

Per NAFS what is the maximum air infiltration rate for all LC, CW, R and sliding-seal AW windows, (except jalousies), as well as skylights and sliding doors?

A

0.3 cfm / s.f.

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13
Q

What ASTM standard is referenced by NAFS for lab testing of window air infiltration rates?

A

ASTM E283

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14
Q

What ASTM standards are referenced for testing of Water Penetration resistance:

A

ASTM E547
AND
ASTM E331 for AW products.

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15
Q

The rate of water application onto the sample window for ASTM E547 and E331 testing is __ GPH/S.F.

A

5

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16
Q

Structural provisions of the codes rely on which referenced standards for each of the following:

a. Wind Loads
b. Assembled products
c. Glazing

A

a. ASCE/SEi 7
b. ASTM E330
c. ASTM E1300

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17
Q

The first attempt at a uniform building code was the ____developed by the ___

A

National Building Code (NBS)

American Insurance Association

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18
Q

According to NAFS, what is the maximum allowable air infiltration rate for jalousie windows and what pressure are they to be tested at?

A

1.2 cfm/s.f. (4 times the normal rate)

1.6 p.s.f.
about 1/4 the pressure for AW and the same as R, LC, and CW

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19
Q

What pressure are various window types tested at for air infiltration, according to NAFS?

A
  1. 2 Psf. for AW products
  2. 6 psf for LC, R, CW products
  3. 6 psf for Jalousies
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20
Q

Per NAFS: What is the allowable air infiltration rate for AW fenestration with either fixed sashes or compression seals?
At what pressure differential are they to be tested?

A

0.1 cfm/s.f. at 6.2 psf.

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21
Q 
According to NAFS, what window type, grades or classes are required to demonstrate 0.1 cfm / s.f. or less air infiltration at 6.2 psf?
A.  All AW class windows.
B.  All fixed or compression-seal windows (like casements) 
C.  Fixed windows
D.  AW class fixed or compression seal windows (like casements).
A

AW class fixed or compression seal windows (like casements).

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22
Q

The rate of water application per ASTM E547 and E331 is equal to what rate of rainfall?

A

8 inches/hr.

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23
Q

The air pressure difference applied to windows per ASTM E547 and E331 is equal to what percent of the design pressure?
How is this different for AW (Architectural) windows?

A 
15% for most class
20% for AW class
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24
Q 
Which defines maximum wind loads and performance grades and class under NAFS?
ASCE 7 or Local codes for the building site.
A

Local codes may differ and their requirements should be known and references in determining grade and class.

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25
Q

AW, LC, CW, R, etc refer to window:

a. Grades
b. Classes
c. Types
d. Standards

A

Classes

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26
Q

ASTM E 330 is used to test the _____ of windows and to determine their______.

A

Structural integrity

Design Pressure

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27
Q

Structural capability addresses what qualities in windows and doors?
What additional criteria is added for skylights.

A

The ability to withstand loading due to wind.

Ability to withstand snow loads.

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28
Q

ASTM E1300 makes what assumptions regarding stiffness of the support system?

A

The glass edge support system limits deflection to less than 1/175 of the length of the panel at a specified design load.

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29
Q

The acceptable probability of breakage per ASTM 1300 is generally held to be:

A

8 broken panes out of 1000 tested.

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30
Q

ASTM E1300 assumes that deflection of the center of the glass panel will_____

A

…not result in displacement of the panel from the frame.

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31
Q

Per ASTM E1300, higher loads require ____ glass.

A

Thicker

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32
Q

Procedures to determine the load resistance of specified glass types are described by what ASTM Standard?

A

ASTM E1300

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33
Q

The three glass types considered by ATM E1300 are:

A

Annealed, heat-treated, laminated

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34
Q

A rectangular piece of glass being analyzed per ASTM E 1300 can be assumed to be supported by___ edges?

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. any of the above

A

e. any of the above

Raises the obvious question as to how the glass is supported on just one edge.

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35
Q

What is the primary force of loading on an exterior window or door.

A

Wind force.

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36
Q 
Design Pressure (DP) is defined as:
DP provides:
A

The amount of force exerted by the maximum wind likely to impact a window.

DP provides a localized maximum wind load expected at the installation site.

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37
Q

Design Pressure is the same a performance rating or Performance Grade for fenestration T or F

A

F.

DP is the starting point not a performance rating.

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38
Q

For horizontal cladding and skylights, Design Pressure encompasses what (2) additional loads, beyond wind?

A

Snow loads

Dead loads

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39
Q

ASCE 7 provides two paths for determining the Design Pressure of building cladding, what are they:

A

Analytical method

Wind tunnel approach.

40
Q

The four key factors affecting wind loads on a building are:
ASCE 7

(R.E.S.H.)

A

R - RISK Category
E - EXPOSURE
S - Basic wind SPEED
H - Building HEIGHT

41
Q

Risk Category refers to the risk to ____ posed by ___

A

human life and welfare

damage or failure of the building

42
Q

Exposure category refers to the

ASCE 7

A

…type of terrain around a building.

43
Q

Risk category for a project may be made by:

ASCE 7 provides:

A

…the Authority Having Jurisdiction over the project
.
…general guidance in determining the risk category.

44
Q

There are three exposure categories per ASCE 7. What are they and what do they include?

A

B - Rough terrain, Urban Areas with closely spaced obstructions.
C - Flat Open Grassland with Scattered Obstructions
D -Mud flats, open water, ice plains

45
Q

Wind loads in ASCE 7 are based on what wind measurement and duration?

A

3 second gust

46
Q

Wind loads vary exponentially, or linearly relative to wind velocity?

A

Exponentially.

47
Q

List the ASCE 7 Risk Categories:

A

I: Low risk, ag. facilities, storage.
II: Buildings not in I, III, or IV.
III: Substantial hazard: Public assembly, college buildings >500 people, public utility facilities not in IV
IV: ESSENTIAL facilities: Fire, rescue, shelters, ER and surgery facilities.

48
Q

Wind pressure on a wall can be calculated based on this simplified equation:
ASCE 7

A

Vp=.000256 x (V x V)

49
Q

The simplified formula for velocity pressure is modified by additional factors based on:

(HAREE)

A 
H  - Building HEIGHT
A -  Facade AREA
R - Roof Geometry
E - Exposure Category
E - Enclosure Category
50
Q

Design Pressure is acquired based on the….

ASCE 7

A

Largest absolute value of the positive and negative loads, rounded to the nearest 5 psf.

51
Q

____ pressures generally exceed _____ pressures, so NAFS 17 allows products to include a secondary designator for _____design pressure separately.
(negative or positive pressure)

A

Negative
Positive
Negative

52
Q

Where are negative wind pressures found on a building, and what effect to they have.

A

On the leeward, downwind, side.

To pull windows or cladding outward, to the exterior.

53
Q

Under both IBC and IRC windows used in coastal areas where the design wind speed is >100 mph or more than 120 mph within one mile of the coast must be….

What ASTM standards are referenced for testing?

A

Impact resistant

ASTM E1886
E1996

54
Q

Fenestration products used in the HVAZ in Florida are required to meet what standards specified in the Code?

A

TAS 201, 202 and 203.

55
Q

HVHZ refers to what, with respect to fenestration standards?

A

High Velocity Hurricane Zone

56
Q

Generally describe locations where Safety Glazing must be used (per IBC and IRC requirements):

A

In “hazardous locations” where a person might fall or otherwise impact the glazing.

57
Q

Name some specific locations where safety glazing would be required per IBC requirements. What quantity of force must such glazing withstand.

A

Doors, sidelights, at stairwells or ramps, near pools, tubs, etc.

450 lbs of force.

58
Q

How is safety glazing distinguished visually?

A

It must bear a permanent identifying mark or “bug”.

59
Q

For fall protective windows, what is the minimum sill height (above floor) allowed and at what height above grade is this required?

IBC, IRC,

A

24” min sill height

windows >72” above grade.

60
Q

What exceptions are provided for the minimum sill height fall protection requirements?

Hint (4, OC)

A

Windows that don’t fully open more than 4”

Windows with Opening Control devices (WOCD) that limit the opening to 4”

61
Q

What standard defines opening control devices used on windows for fall protection?

A

ASTM F2090

62
Q

What is the max amount of force allowed to release a window opening control device?

A

15 lbs.

63
Q

What are the sill height, width and clear opening requirements for egress openings in the IRC for sleeping rooms, habitable basements and attics.

IRC

A

44” max ht.
20” min width
5.7 s.f. min open area.

Sometimes 5.0 s.f. for at grade opg.

64
Q

Are skylights and roof window permitted as emergency escape openings? If so, under what conditions?

A

Yes, if they meet the size requirements for egress windows and the bottom of the opening is within 44” of the floor below.

65
Q

Habitable rooms (except bathrooms and utility spaces) must have a source of natural light. What size is required?

A

8% of the floor area

10 s.f. minimum.

66
Q

Fire rated doors must meet additional standards including:

A

NFPA 80

67
Q

Describe building efficiency standard goals for new buildings in the California energy code for

a. Residential buildings
b. commercial buildings

A

Residential: Net zero by 2020
Commercial: All new and 50% retrofit to Net zero by 2030

68
Q

What does it mean to be a ‘net zero energy’ building?

A

A building consumes only as much energy annually as can be generated on site.

69
Q

Codes like IBC, IRC, IECC have the force of law on their own?

A

No.

They must be adopted by individual jurisdictions.

70
Q

Florida Products Approval System basic requirements, products must be evaluated by:

A

by nationally accredited and state-approved entities
or
by state licensed engineers and architects.

71
Q

What four methods may be used to demonstrate that a product meets the standards prescribed under the Florida Products Approval System?

REAL

A

A test REPORT from an approved testing lab
LISTING or labeling by an approved testing lab.
Evaluation report from approved evaluation entity
Evaluation report from a Fl registered engineer or ARCHITECT

72
Q

IRC, IBC and IECC reference and defer to what standard for fenestration products?
What three criteria form the cornerstone of this standard?

A

NAFS.

A - Air-infiltration
W - Water penetration
S - Structural Integrity

73
Q

Does AAMA certification qualify products under the Florida Product Approval process

A

Yes.

74
Q

Why are third party certifications (like AAMA) better than the code-allowed self-certification by manufacturers?

A

Verified test results (independently)
Follow-up inspections.

Compliance is verified independently and on an ongoing basis.

75
Q

Third-party certification programs have four parties to the process, what are they:

Hint: MALI

A

M - Manufacturer
A - Administrator
L - Laboratory test facility (approved)
I - Inspector or Auditor

76
Q

IRC and IBC require a permanent certification label for fenestration products for what reason?

A

As proof that the product’s compliance with NAFS has been verified through independent third party testing and that verification is ongoing.

77
Q

IRC and IBC fenestration labeling requirements applied to what product types?

A

Windows
Doors
1-panel unit Skylights (factory built)

78
Q

Is the AAMA-issued NAFS compliance label authorized only to AAMA members?

A

No.

79
Q

Who is authorized for use the AAMA fenestration NAFS-compliance label?

A

All licensee manufacturers who comply with AAMA cert program rules and regulations may use the label.

80
Q

What does the AAMA label demonstrate?

2 key criteria.

A

Fulfillment of the requirement of NAFS and the applicable underlying standards.
Compliance with AAMA Certifications Program rules and regulations.

81
Q

Specific, additional performance options (in addition to NAFS) , for which manufacturer’s may elect to have a product tested include:

(Sorry - no good acronym for this. Think about other criteria NOT on the standard label. )

A 
Thermal performance
Forced Entry Resistance
Impact Resistance
Negative Design Pressure
HUD UM111 Compliance
Mulled Assembly performance
Production model tested.
82
Q

Many fenestration products are subject specialized regulations and regional codes, such as

A

ADA and CPSC requirements for shatter-proof safety glazing.

83
Q

What essential information is included on the AAMA fenestration label?

(Two types - Product info and standards info)

A 
Manufacturer (Code # / name)
Product Class and Grade 
Maximum Size Tested
Series Number (Manufacturer)
Specification ID (NAFS Edition and/or NFRC)
NFRC Product Line Identification Number.
84
Q

ADA Window requirements limit the operating force for windows intended to be occupant operated to

A

5 pounds.

85
Q

List three ADA requirements for hardware, like locks, cranks, door pulls and latches:

A

1 hand operation
No twisting of the wrist
48 max ht. for door hardware.

86
Q 
Door opening requirements for ADA compliance include:
Minimum clear opening of:
A.  30"
B.  32"
C.  36"

Max ext. sliding door threshold ht:
A. 3/4”
B. 1/2”
C. 1”

A

B: 32”
A: 3/4”
(1/2” for other types of doors).

87
Q

What is the maximum slope allowed on a beveled surface at floor level changes or thresholds?

A

1:2

88
Q

Controversy around performance impacts of ADA requirements for threshold heights led to an alternative…

A

…water penetration and testing method for exterior side-hinged doors.

89
Q

What are the two standards addressing the use of safety glazing:

A

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) - 1 CFR 1201
and
ANSI Z97.1

90
Q

What are the different roles of CPSC 16 CFR 1201 and ANSI Z97.1?

A

CPSC 16 CFR 1201 establishes:
Test methods
Procedures for determining safety performance,
Mandates where/when and what kind to use

ANSI Z97.1 provides only voluntary:
Performance specification and
Test Method

91
Q

Seismic performance in glazing assemblies are based on

A

Seismic portions of ASCE 7

92
Q

Side Hinged Entry doors present a special case in performance rating due to these factors:

(3 items)

A

Opened and closed more frequently
disadvantage in sealing against wind/rain
Customer-substituted hardware components

93
Q

The three AAMA Standards developed to define and verify side-hinged door performance are:

A

AAMA 920 - Operating Cycle Performance
AAMA 925 - Vertical Load Resistance
AAMA 930 - Hardware Load & Water Penetration Resistance
AAMA 1304 -

94
Q

This rating concept was developed to address the wind-driven rain issue with side-hinged doors:__

A

LW - Limited Water.

95
Q

What does the LW rating mean.

A

Products with the ‘Limited Water” (LW) rating are suggested for installation only in weather-protected areas. (i.e. under a porch)

96
Q

Are NAFS requirements for ESHD (Exterior Side Hinged Doors) included in the I-codes? Why?

A

No.

Because of the common practice of component substitution (hinges, hardware) to satisfy customers.

97
Q

Is there any standard for testing, certification and labeling of ESHD’s?

A

Yes, There is abbreviated 3rd party program based on AAMA 930.

FGIA General (33 decks)

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