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Emergency Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the keys to the Primary Assessment?

A

ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation), severe bleeding, and shock

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2
Q

What does the secondary assessment include?

A

SAMPLE questions, trauma assessment, or head to toe assessment if etiology unclear/no trauma

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3
Q

What does SAMPLE stand for?

A

Signs and symptoms, Allergies, Medications, Past illness/PMH, Last oral intake, Events leading up to present injury/illness

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4
Q

What acronym is used to annotate findings from the head to toe assessment when trauma has occurred?

A

DCAPBTLS (deformity, contusion, abrasion, puncture/penetration, burn, tenderness, laceration, swelling)

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5
Q

When assessing level of consciousness, what are the 4 categories ?

A

Alert; able to respond
Verbal
Painful
Unresponsive

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6
Q

During the initial assessment, what are you observing with regards to AIRWAY?

A

Respiration rate, quality, rhythm (regular or irregular - irregular should be referred), effort (normal, shallow, labored, noisy), open vs blocked (for unresponsive athlete)

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7
Q

What are the two methods to open the airway of an unresponsive athlete?

A
  1. Head tilt, chin lift

2. Jaw thrust (if spinal injury suspected)

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8
Q

If the unresponsive athlete has no pulse, what action should be taken?

A

Chest compressions using CPR for cardiac arrest

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9
Q

If the unresponsive athlete has a pulse, but is not breathing, what actions should be taken?

A

Rescue breathing (supplemental 02 and bag valve masks increase saturation rate)

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10
Q

What is the standard of care for severe arterial bleeding?

A

Tourniquet (life over limb)

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11
Q

What is the process for treating an athlete with a bleeding wound?

A
  • Stop bleeding (fingertip pressure with clean dressing)
  • Clean with tap water or saline
  • Dress and bandage wound with material appropriate for sport
  • must be cleaned from equipment and uniforms
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12
Q

What is shock?

A

A medical emergency - the body and organs are not receiving adequate flow of blood

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of shock?

A
  • Stage 1: COMPENSATED or non-progressive = body compensates by increasing HR, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, kidneys retain water
  • Stage 2: DECOMPENSATED or progressive =lack of 02 to brain (confused, disoriented), increased thirst, body’s temp regulations starts to fail
  • Stage 3: IRREVERSIBLE = poor perfusion -> permanent damage to organs and tissues (end point is death)
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14
Q

What are the keys for stopping, reversing shock?

A

Early recognition, keep patient comfortable (elevate lower extremities and supplemental 02), monitor for cardiac emergency (CPR), put on side/recovery position (with nausea and vomiting)

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15
Q

What are the different types of shock?

A

Cardiogenic, neurogenic, respiratory, hypovolemoc, psychogenic

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16
Q

How often should the unstable, and stable athletes be re-evaluated after injury?

A

Unstable = every 5 minutes

Stable =every 15 minutes

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17
Q

What should the management plan include for the athlete with asthma?

A

Attempt to control environmental variables, have medications on hand - metered-dose or dry powder inhalers (short acting bronchodilators for immediate use; long acting meds for several hours relief)

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Anaphylaxis? And how should it be treated?

A
  • Swelling of the airway, tongue, and tingling of the lips. —Inject Epi-Pen (0.3-0.5 mg); effects take 5-10 min
  • Call EMS.
  • Provide emergency oxygen (if available)
  • Observe for continuous reactions.
19
Q

With injuries to head and/or neck, blows to skull. What injuries should be considered? What examinations should be performed?

A
  • Consider: C-spine injury, concussion or brain injury

- evaluate pupillary reactions, visual fields, cranial nerve testing; look for fluid from ears, nose

20
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an epidural hematoma?

A
  • DILATED PUPILS, HA, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, respiratory difficulty
  • typically period of lucidity before symptoms appear
21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a subdural hematoma?

A
  • confusion, behavior changes, HA

* more common in sports (vs. epidural)

22
Q

What is the most common eye injury mechanism in sports? What more serious conditions may result from this?

A
  • Blunt trauma to the eye or brow
  • RUPTURED GLOBE (sclera and/or cornea), HYPHEMA (pooling blood in anterior eye chamber between cornea and iris), BLOW OUT FRACTURE (break of one or more bones that surround eye)
23
Q

What are other common mechanisms for EYE INJURIES in sport?

A
  • PENETRATING INJURY (examine depth and location; can cause permanent loss of vision)
  • CORNEAL ABRASIONS (usually from debris or fingernail; tx= cover both eyes and refer to ophthalmologist)
  • RADIATION (prolonged exposure to UV; risk f vision loss or damage; wear polarized polycarbonate lens glasses)
  • CHEMICAL BURNS (eye wash for min 20 minutes; refer to ophthalmologist)
24
Q

What is Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy?

A

A inherited disorder where heart muscle is replaced by fat = leads to abnormal rhythms, weakened heart

25
Q

What is a key symptom with Hypertrophic Cardiac Myopathy and Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy?

A

Fainting after physical activity

26
Q

What is Commotio cordis?

A

Disrupted heart rhythm due to direct blow to chest wall before the peak of T-wave (common in young, immature skeleton males)

27
Q

What one factor can IMPROVE survival rates with cardiac conditions (hypertrophic cardiac myopathy, arrhythmogenic, right ventricular cardiomyopathy, commotion cordis)?

A

Time to defibrillation after arrest (within 3-5 min) with CPR

28
Q

What are complications of rib fractures?

A

Hemothorax (blood collects b/t chest wall and lungs), Pneumothorax (air collects between chest wall and lung)

29
Q

What is the acute treatment for MOST rib fractures in the sports venue?

A
  • Stabilize and limit movement

- Pain control

30
Q

Right shoulder pain can be referred from..?

A

The liver

31
Q

Left shoulder and upper arm pain can be referred from…?

A

The spleen (Kehr’s sign)

32
Q

Flank and costovertebral angle pain can be referred from…?

A

The kidneys

33
Q

When should you suspect internal bleeding?

A

With blunt trauma to torso, or bruising is visible

34
Q

What are signs and symptoms of internal bleeding?

A
  • Swollen or hard abdomen, anxiety, restlessness, rapid breathing, cool and pale skin
  • Possible c/o extreme thirst, nausea (and vomiting), changes in consciousness
35
Q

When an athlete is suspected of having internal bleeding, what steps should you take in treating them?

A
  • Ice area of bruising
  • Suspect and treat for shock (position of comfort
  • Monitor vital signs (CPR if needed)
  • Provide emergency oxygen if available
36
Q

What are signs of a FRACTURE?

A
  • rapid swelling
  • pain
  • tenderness
  • deformity/angulation in bone
  • may report cracking or popping sound AND be fearful of movement
37
Q

What actions should be taken by the SCS in the ACUTE STAGES of a fracture?

A
  • immobilize = to move athlete, AND reduce pain
  • BE ALERT FOR SHOCK
  • active EMS - depending on circumstances and severity of injury
38
Q

What are the guidelines to SPLINTING a fracture?

A
  • Check pulse and sensation before and after splinting
  • Remove equipment and restrictive clothing (if can be done safely)
  • Immobilize joints above and below fracture
  • Immobilize bones above and below injured joint
  • use commercial splints where possible
  • ensure rigid splints are padded
  • removal of footwear usually not recommended
39
Q

What are some different types of SPLINTS?

A
  • SAM (structural aluminum malleable) - versatile
  • Anatomical (i.e., buddy taping fingers)
  • Soft (soft materials i.e., blanket)
  • Rigid (i.e., padded boards)
  • Air (i.e., aircast)
  • Vacuum
  • Traction

*Triangular bandages = important to have = use as supports, ties, bandages

40
Q

What should be of concern with an athlete who presents with a DISLOCATED JOINT?

A

Injury to capsule, ligaments AND NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES

41
Q

How should a DISLOCATED JOINT be managed acutely?

A
  • *Athletes can be taught to self relocate OR if physician present on the sideline
  • perform SECONDARY assessment - evaluate pulse and sensation
  • Immobilize
  • activate EMS if appropriate
42
Q

How often should an Emergency Action Plan be reviewed, rehearsed and documented?

A

Annually (at minimum)

43
Q

What is INCIDENT COMMAND? Why is it important?

A
  • Incident Management concept -> standardized, all hazards
  • it enables a coordinated response among various jurisdictions and agencies
  • Integrates facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communication operating within a common organizational structure

*use of IC is mandated by National Incident Management System (guides government agencies, private sector, and non-governmental organizations)

44
Q

What is important when it comes to providing venue care as an SCS?

A
  • Be familiar with venue and EAP

- Planning and rehearsal = keys to success

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